Untitled Flashcards Set

Isolated farmsteads in the United States evolved as a result of all of the following EXCEPT
A political stability
B colonization by individual pioneer families
C agricultural private enterprise
D government land policy
E physical barriers preventing communal farm practices

E physical barriers preventing communal farm practices

Labor-intensive intertillage is often practiced in
A the Canadian wheat belt
B Southeast Asia
C the Turkish highlands
D the English countryside
E New Zealand

B Southeast Asia

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According to Carl Sauer, which of the following is true about plant domestication?
A It originated in marginal areas with limited food resources.
B It first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species.
C It was developed by farmers who were starving and desperate for food.
D It owes its origins to the domestication of animals.
E It was at first dependent on irrigation.

B It first occurred in diversified habitats with a variety of species.

Which of the following developments is predicted by the von Thünen model of land use around cities?
A Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands
B Large-scale rubber plantations in Malaysia
C Large-scale commercial fishing in Japan
D Extensive cattle raising in northern France
E Very large dairy farms in Utah and southern Idaho

A Large-scale growing of flowers and vegetables in the Netherlands

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Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field?
A Limited farmland encourages intensive farming and monocropping to produce high yields.
B Unlimited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.
C Unlimited farmland encourages extensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.
D Limited farmland encourages extensive farming with monocropping to produce high yields.
E Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

E Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

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Which of the following is the essential requirement of lowland rice production?
A Cheap labor
B Year-round growing season
C Proximity to market
D Abundant water
E Alluvial soil

D Abundant water

A food assemblage that includes olives, pita bread, cheese, figs, lamb, and wine is most associated with which of the following?
A Spain
B Greece
C Mexico
D France
E Russia

B Greece

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s?
A A decrease in the consumption of meat has resulted in less demand for cattle, which are mainly raised on family farms.
B Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.
C Little available land for pasture farming has resulted in more concentrated agribusiness operations.
D More interest in genetically modified foods has led to an increase in agribusiness farms, which have greater access to advanced technology.
E Water shortages in regions where family farms were once common have led to a rise in agribusinesses in regions with more favorable climates.

B Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Land parcels in the American Midwest tend to be rectilinear because
A the federal survey system adopted in the late eighteenth century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape
B Native American settlement patterns were rectangular
C English-speaking settlers replicated the landscape patterns of England
D Spanish colonists laid out settlements in a rigid geometric pattern
E there were no mountains or rivers to use as boundaries

A the federal survey system adopted in the late eighteenth century imposed a geometric pattern on the landscape

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Which of the following explains the diffusion and successful cultivation of many plants and animals in new regions of the world through the Columbian Exchange?
A The plants and animals diffused only a short distance away from their point of domestication.
B The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.
C Navigational technology allowed ships to travel more efficiently, enabling safe transport of plants and animals to new destinations.
D Diffusion of plants and animals filled the loss in many areas from a number of plant and animal extinctions.
E The plants and animals diffused to regions with variation in the climates between the hearth and the new region.

B The plants and animals diffused to a region with climate and geography similar to that of their point of domestication.

Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile Valley have had comparatively high population densities because of their
A tropical climate
B heavy industrialization
C in-migration from neighboring arid areas
D intensive agriculture based on irrigation
E designation as sacred sites

D intensive agriculture based on irrigation

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Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions?
A Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff
B Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides
C Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity
D Burning small areas of forested land for subsistence farming, which increases biodiversity
E Moving livestock to higher pasture areas in the spring, which leads to soil degradation

C Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

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Which of the following best explains the potential impact of rising global temperatures on agricultural regions?
A The wheat belt will shift northward.
B Mediterranean agriculture will expand southward.
C Polar regions will dry out, making cultivation impossible.
D Nomadic herding will end as conditions become too harsh.
E Centers of market gardening will shift to the Arctic Circle.

A The wheat belt will shift northward.

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Which of the following spatial patterns is best explained by bid-rent theory?
A Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States
B Rural-to-urban migration increasing the population density to eastern China
C Linear settlements located along a major road in a densely forested area of Brazil
D Dispersed settlement throughout a large mountainous area of Switzerland
E The conversion of agricultural land to suburbs surrounding a city in the southeastern United States

A Concentric rings of different agricultural activities surrounding a city in the midwestern United States

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Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called
A plantation farming
B hunting and gathering
C subsistence agriculture
D sedentary cultivation
E shifting-field agriculture

C subsistence agriculture

In reading the landscape of the image, a geographer will most likely describe the land-survey pattern shown as typical of which of the following locations?
A A rural agricultural region in the United States
B An exurb of Paris, France
C A coastal region of China
D An agricultural region of eastern Canada
E A rainforest development in southern Brazil

A A rural agricultural region in the United States

Which of the following terms identifies the type of land survey system shown in the satellite image?
A Multiple nuclei
B Suburban subdivision
C Long lots
D Metes and bounds
E Township and Range

E Township and Range

Technologies invented during which of the following periods explain how farmland was divided and cultivated as shown in the satellite image?
A Columbian Exchange, when the use of Old World farm animals such as cows and horses was introduced.
B First Agricultural Revolution, when the animal-powered plow and domesticated plants were developed.
C Second Agricultural Revolution, when land-surveying technology and mechanical plows were developed.
D Modern era, when local farmers used computers and data analysis.
E Postindustrial era, when local farmers used global positioning systems and geographic information systems.

C Second Agricultural Revolution, when land-surveying technology and mechanical plows were developed.

Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices?
A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.
B Agricultural crops are successful only in midlatitude climates, where any crop can be grown.
C Tropical climates support plant-based agriculture, but animal-based agriculture is not successful in tropical areas.
D The sparse vegetation in arid or semiarid climates does not support animal-based agriculture.
E Cold midlatitude climates are associated with plantation agriculture and pastoral nomadism.

A Midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China.

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Agriculture practiced in California differs from forms practiced in other Mediterranean agricultural regions because in California
A grapes are grown for wine production
B farms use more irrigation
C farms are smaller
D farms rely on local labor
E wheat is grown in the winter as a cover crop

B farms use more irrigation

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Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area?
A Plantation agriculture and specialized horticulture
B Cattle ranching and Mediterranean agriculture
C Wheat farming and dairying
D Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding
E Intensive rice cultivation and subsistence farming

D Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

What kind of agriculture is primarily practiced in the dark-shaded areas on the map above?

A Shifting cultivation
B Pastoral nomadism
C Cattle ranching
D Mediterranean
E Plantation

D Mediterranean

The shaded areas on the map above most likely indicate regions that are affected or threatened by which of the following?
A Depopulation
B Deforestation
C Desertification
D Deindustrialization
E Devolution

C Desertification

Based on the different types of land use shown in the image, which of the following best explains why soil salinization is a concern in the arid landscape shown?
A Forests are being cleared as land is repurposed for agricultural uses, which reduces biodiversity in the region.
B Land is being farmed so intensively that soil nutrients are degraded to the point that crops will not grow.
C Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility.
D Fields are left fallow after being farmed intensively so that nutrients in the soil may be replenished.
E Multiple crops are being planted in the same field, which increases the chances of pest damage.

C Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility.

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.
If the map was reproduced at the subnational state or provincial scale, as Hawaii is on the map, what changes in pattern would be expected in other parts of the world?
A The inland provinces of African countries would not show any production.
B Southeast Asian islands would not show any production.
C The states in northern Mexico and northern India would not show any production.
D The Amazon Basin and Congo Basin would show concentrated areas of production.
E Provinces in southern China would show concentrated areas of production.

C The states in northern Mexico and northern India would not show any production.

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With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.
Which of the following best describes the pattern of coffee bean production at the global scale?
A A core and periphery
B A hierarchical diffusion
C Within tropical latitudes
D Inside arid climate regions
E In more developed countries

C Within tropical latitudes

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Which of the following explains the limitations of the map shown for identifying the agricultural production regions of coffee beans?
A The map does not identify whether the country is a major exporter of coffee beans or whether the country consumes much of what it grows.
B The map is thematic, identifying countries by type, instead of a choropleth map that classifies countries by the amount produced.
C The map uses the descriptors "major" and "minor" and should instead use the amount of coffee beans produced per capita of the country's total population.
D The map mainly identifies all land within a country, as opposed to the foothills and upland areas where coffee beans are grown.
E The map shows only coffee produced for the formal economy and does not account for informal or illegal production of coffee beans.

D The map mainly identifies all land within a country, as opposed to the foothills and upland areas where coffee beans are grown.

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Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by
A double-cropping of specific grains
B extensive use of the land
C production only for family consumption
D production only for trade
E irrigation and inorganic fertilization

C production only for family consumption

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia?
A Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to increased poverty in the two countries.
B Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time.
C Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.
D Palm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries.
E Palm oil exports aided in increasing the wealth of the two countries but also increased the diversity of plants in the two countries.

C Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

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Which of the following best explains the economic advantage of the type of farm-produced goods shown in the images?
A Compared to fresh produce, these packaged agricultural goods significantly increase the gross national income that is sourced from industrial production and bring financial wealth to farmers.
B Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers.
C Compared to factory-made dairy products and condiments, these preservative-free goods have a decreased shelf life, which increases the prices of the goods sold.
D Compared to name-brand goods, farm-made agricultural goods are much lower in cost and provide significant value to consumers.
E Compared to organic foods sold at specialty grocery stores, these goods are sold as natural foods and considered to be of equal value to consumers.

B Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers.

Corn (maize) was first domesticated in
A Northern Argentina
B the Tibetan plateau
C the Canadian prairie
D Central Mexico
E Central Australia

D Central Mexico

In which of the following countries is terracing LEAST likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion on steep slopes?
A Nepal
B Peru
C The Philippines
D Niger
E Greece

D Niger

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia?
A Domestication of plants and animals began in Central America and the process diffused to other areas through the early explorers.
B Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.
C Domestication of plants and animals began in Southeast Asia and the process diffused to other areas as nomadic warriors conquered other cultural groups and carried the new seeds and animals with them.
D Domestication of plants and animals began in the Fertile Crescent and the process diffused as pastoral nomads migrated to other areas.
E Domestication of plants and animals began in the Indus River valley and the process diffused to other areas across trade routes.

B Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

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In which of the following areas was wheat most probably domesticated earliest?
A Southern Italy
B Northern Libya
C The plateau of central Mexico
D Eastern China
E Southeastern Turkey

E Southeastern Turkey

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Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication?
A British Isles, Scandinavia, United States
B Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa
C Australia, New Zealand, China
D Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East
E Russia, China, Latin America

D Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East

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Which of the following is the most often cited environmental benefit of the eat-local movement?
A Less fossil fuel is used in transporting food to market.
B Fewer pesticides are used by farmers.
C Less topsoil is lost to wind and water erosion.
D There is less demand for chemical fertilizers.
E It helps local and regional economies.

A Less fossil fuel is used in transporting food to market.

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The two images represent two different methods of raising livestock in the United States. Which of the following statements most accurately compares these two agricultural practices?
A Cattle ranching is a more economically friendly way to raise livestock than using feedlots because less infrastructure is needed.
B Feedlots require more space than cattle ranching does, which reduces profits due to the cost of the land.
C Consumers prefer to pay higher prices for grass-fed beef than for corn-fed beef raised in feedlots because of the environmentally friendly practices associated with grass-fed beef.
D Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching.
E Feedlots require less food consumption by the cows than cattle ranching because the livestock are grazing on available grass in the pastures.

D Feedlots can minimize costs associated with livestock production because feedlots do not use as much space as cattle ranching.

Which of the following environmental problems is most associated with the African Sahel?
A Desertification
B Deforestation
C Air pollution
D Flooding
E Water pollution

A Desertification

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Which of the following forms of agriculture would best be described as extensive farming?
A Citrus production and vineyards to produce table grapes
B Dairy and poultry farming
C Truck farming and hothouses to produce vegetables
D Cattle ranching and wheat farming
E Floral horticulture and tree nurseries

D Cattle ranching and wheat farming

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Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture?
A A cattle feedlot
B A greenhouse
C An egg-production facility
D A sheep ranch
E A backyard garden

D A sheep ranch

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Which of the following best explains how the expansion of feedlots for raising cattle has affected environmental sustainability in rural areas?
A Concentrating large numbers of farm animals in small spaces has decreased the release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
B Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.
C Feed grains have eliminated potentially harmful invasive plant species from farmland.
D Land development has increased the available water supply for other farming practices.
E Composted manure has introduced valuable nutrients into previously depleted soils.

B Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

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Which of the following is indicated on the graph above?

A Worldwide fertilizer use is declining with the rise of sustainable agriculture.
B Developed countries in the core are using greater amounts of fertilizer.
C Developing countries in the periphery are shifting to more sustainable agriculture and using smaller amounts of fertilizer.
D Worldwide fertilizer use is increasing but faster in peripheral developing countries.
E Worldwide fertilizer use is increasing but notably faster in core developed countries.

D Worldwide fertilizer use is increasing but faster in peripheral developing countries.

The chickens shown in the image are an example of value-added agriculture used by small family-run farms to compete with large agribusiness poultry and egg farms. Which of the following types of value-added products best describes the kind of agriculture shown in the image?
A Local-food movement
B Free-range
C Nongenetically modified
D Fair-trade
E Community-supported

B Free-range

In North America, which of the following frequently consumed items is most likely to be supplied by a trans-national corporation?
A Milk
B Water
C Coffee
D Electricity
E Bread

C Coffee

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Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by
A converting annual plants to perennials, which do not require replanting
B increasing the size of fruits and grains
C increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests
D cutting the cost of bulk seeds during planting seasons
E changing vegetable and fruit colors to suit consumer demands

C increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests

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Dramatic increases in global grain production since 1950 have been made possible by
A substantial increases in the amount of land under cultivation
B global warming
C an increase in the urban workforce
D an increase in the agricultural workforce
E an increase in the use of energy and technology

E an increase in the use of energy and technology

Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers?
A Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.
B The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations.
C The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products.
D Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest.
E Agricultural production with a focus on monocropping cash crops creates more vulnerability in a country's exports if consumer preferences shift to a different commodity.

A Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

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In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications?
A Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.
B Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries.
C Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.
D Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.
E Contract harvesters are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

C Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

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Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change?
A The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions
B The use of genetically modified seeds
C The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit
D The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters
E The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

E The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

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During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields?
A The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality.
B Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.
C The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program.
D Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was less successful because of the negative impact on the environment.
E Persistent famine has occurred in India since new technologies associated with the Green Revolution were implemented because only the wealthy could afford the increased cost of the improved strains of rice.

B Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

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Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modernagriculture?
A The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas
B The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers
C An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers
D The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yields from grain crops
E The end of famine in the world

A The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

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Which of the following agricultural inputs were the most recent technological innovations employed in less developed countries during the Green Revolution?
A Metal plows and harvesting equipment
B Irrigated farm fields
C Seed hybrids and animal breeds
D Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
E Terracing in highland terrain

D Chemical fertilizers and pesticides

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The industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the United States during the past 70 years have resulted in
A a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms
B an increase in the number of farms and a decrease in the size of farm fields
C an increase in the diversity of crops and animals grown on individual farms
D an increase in the economic viability of small towns in the agricultural regions
E a decrease in the tonnage of pesticides and herbicides used on cropland

A a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms

Sheep production in New Zealand and poultry production in Arkansas produce food animals for human consumption. Which of the following best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for these products?
A Sheep production is an example of intensive agriculture requiring large amounts of fertilizer, whereas poultry production is an example of extensive agriculture practiced mainly in more developed countries.
B Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of extensive agriculture practiced on large areas of land, but requiring different climates.
C Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.
D Sheep production and poultry production are both examples of intensive agriculture practiced on small areas of land but requiring different amounts of labor and capital.
E Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture that is declining because of an insufficient supply of open land, whereas poultry production continues to be practiced on small areas of land.

C Sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors.

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In 2017 the Ivory Coast exported $5.6 billion worth of cocoa beans and cocoa-derived products, such as cocoa butter. This represented 55 percent of the country's exports and was worth four times the country's combined gold and oil exports in that year. Which of the following best explains the international trade economy of the Ivory Coast?
A High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic development and increases foreign direct investment
B High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis
C Low level of dependency on primary-sector production and resource processing that will increase the country's level of development
D Low level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that decreases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis
E Low level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic development and increases foreign direct investment

B High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis

Traditional labor-intensive agriculture often involves which of the following?
A Field terracing
B Mechanical plowing
C Hybrid seeds
D Use of pesticides
E High levels of debt

A Field terracing

In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture?
A East Asia
B South Asia
C Southeast Asia
D Central America
E Sub-Saharan Africa

E Sub-Saharan Africa

The growth potential of alternative agricultural practices such as the growing of amaranth grain and the raising of deer, elk, emus, and buffalo for meat is limited because
A the dietary laws in the United States are restrictive
B the growers have not established an integrated commodity chain
C the animals and grain are difficult to raise
D it is impossible to domesticate new plants and animals
E the high protein content of these meats and grains is thought to be unhealthy

B the growers have not established an integrated commodity chain

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced
A in the dry regions of Africa and Asia
B in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia
C in the hinterlands of Australia
D by Native American buffalo hunters
E by people who shift location in pursuit of rain clouds

A in the dry regions of Africa and Asia

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Which of the following activities is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use?
A Mixed farming
B Subsistence farming
C Specialty farming
D Dairying and market gardening
E Extensive grain or stock raising

E Extensive grain or stock raising

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Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication?
A Animals were domesticated before plants and diffused rapidly from their hearth of domestication through contagious diffusion because they were mobile and moved easily from place to place.
B Domesticated plants spread through wind-borne dispersal of seeds from their original hearth, expanding slowly until a vast region was covered with new plants.
C Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.
D The diffusion of plants and animals was limited to areas close to each hearth of domestication because the newly developed plants and animals could not readily adapt to different soil types.
E The diffusion of plants and animals was dependent on nomadic traders who traveled between agricultural villages because early farmers were sedentary and did not travel to other areas.

C Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism

Which of the following best explains a neo-Malthusian perspective on the Green Revolution?
A The Green Revolution represents a jump in agricultural technology, but population will still grow faster than our ability to produce food will over the long run.
B The Green Revolution solves the entire problem of feeding the planet, and Malthusian ideas are no longer relevant.
C Local food production is the key to long-term food production.
D The distribution of food in a capitalist system results in too many people being unable to afford basic foods.
E The increase in the food supply and a resulting increase in the population available for farm labor will solve the food crisis.

A The Green Revolution represents a jump in agricultural technology, but population will still grow faster than our ability to produce food will over the long run.

A set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seed to marketing the products is known as
A food processing
B mechanized farming
C mixed crop and livestock farming
D agribusiness
E commercial farming

D agribusiness

Compared to North American ranchers, commercial ranchers in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to
A raise mostly sheep
B lease their grazing land
C rely on feedlots
D raise livestock primarily for export
E use practices developed by indigenous people

D raise livestock primarily for export

Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming?
A Wheat farming would require more machinery, which conflicts with the environmental standards of many states in New England.
B Market gardening products can be easily transported to the primary market of California without spoiling.
C Farmers can specialize in market gardening products because of the rocky soil found in many New England states.
D Market gardening zones allow farmers the flexibility to grow market gardening crops along with other grain crops.
E Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

E Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

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Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they
A were interested in varying the diets of their families
B were engaged in collecting plant resources
C were agile climbers on the hillsides of the Fertile Crescent
D knew how to achieve control over their environment
E traveled long distances from their home base

B were engaged in collecting plant resources

Which of the following best explains the differences between the patterns of land use in the township-and-range system and the long-lot system, as shown in the images?
A The township-and-range survey system was more varied in plot size, while the size of plots in the long-lot system was set at 50 acres.
B The township-and-range survey system was based on physical features, while the long-lot system was based on a geometric grid pattern.
C The long-lot survey system created a more uniform division of land, while the township-and-range survey system conformed to physical features on the landscape.
D The long-lot survey system created less efficient irrigation systems, while the township-and-range system created a grid system for efficient water flow.
E The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

E The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

Which of the following best explains the reasons for the similarities and differences between the two land survey systems shown?
A Both systems set specific property boundaries for landholders. However, the metes-and-bounds system is more orderly and efficient.
B Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.
C Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, only properties surveyed with the metes-and-bounds system can be subdivided into smaller plots.
D Both systems access the Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) to set property lines. However, GNSS is accurate only for township-and-range systems.
E Both systems are used in the United States. However, the township-and-range survey system is used only in the eastern part of the United States.

B Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.

The two images represent different agricultural land survey patterns. Comparing the two images, which survey system was more efficient in terms of trade?
A The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market.
B Trade was inhibited by the metes and bounds system because of physical boundaries between land parcels.
C Closely spaced land parcels in the long lot survey system facilitated higher agricultural yields and a more efficient export economy.
D The metes and bounds system partitioned land into parcels of one square mile each, ensuring equal access to trade opportunities for each landowner.
E The long lot system was less efficient because landowners were in direct competition for access to river trade routes.

A The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market.

The images shown illustrate a change that took place as the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following compares this geographic relationship between these revolutions?
A An increase in chemical farming practices let to more food being produced by farmers and then processed in factories
B The domestication of plants and animals allowed for factory farming practices where workers made the first canned foods
C An increase in the rural farming workforce lead to higher farm productivity, which resulted in more food for urban industrial workers
D The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce
E The creation of sedentary societies, where farm work was done completely by machine, resulted in permanent settlements in town and cities

D The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce

The images show devices developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution. Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution?
A Genetically modified crops and ever-increasing levels of mechanization, as shown in the images, drove productivity up and made hunger a thing of the past.
B Innovations such as crop rotations and hybrid selection, facilitated by the technology shown in the images, made agriculture productive enough to support the growth of urban centers and led to the creation of modern civilization.
C The adaptation of newly introduced crops such as potatoes and corn from the New World, which were planted and harvested using the technology shown in the images, made European farms more productive, which led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.
D Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.
E The Second Agricultural Revolution is ongoing, as engineers continue to improve agricultural machinery and scientists search for crops adapted to the drier, warmer climates predicted for the coming decades.

D Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images?
A
The introduction of machines during the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in many farmers being pushed off their land, leading to famine and starvation in the countryside.
B Although new farm machines were developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution, many farmers continued to practice agriculture in traditional ways because of cultural taboos associated with the adoption of modern farming techniques.
C During the Second Agricultural Revolution, many farmers continued to use traditional farming techniques that were more suited to the tropical environments they lived in.
D The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.
E The developments associated with the Second Agricultural Revolution were applicable only to farmers growing grain in temperate regions of the world.

D The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.

Which of the following is a characteristic of shifting cultivation?
A Dependency on irrigation
B Sharecropping
C Production of cash crops for export
D Demand for wage laborers
E Multicropping

E Multicropping

During the winter months in North America, the primary source of fruits and vegetables found in grocery stores is
A Uruguay
B Chile
C Nigeria
D Philippines
E Italy

B Chile

Which of the following explains the role of commodity chains in the average size of farms?
A The spatial organization of agriculture has changed because of an increase in the number of farms as farmers join local commodity chains that regulate supply and demand for agricultural products and large profits can be realized.
B The spatial organization of agriculture has remained stable, but farm productivity has increased through technological innovations that are available to farmers through membership in local commodity chains.
C Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.
D Farms are increasing in size, but there is little change in the spatial organization of agriculture because of the instability of regional cooperatives and associated commodity chains that cannot meet the demand for new products desired by consumers.
E Commodity chains have had no effect on the spatial organization of agriculture because they operate only in areas of grain farming; dairy and meat products spoil rapidly and markets are too far away for safe and rapid transportation of those products.

C Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

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Which of the following is an explanation for the similar impact of large-scale commercial agriculture in developed countries and plantation agriculture in developing countries?
A Both farming practices stimulate local economies with the influx of profits from export-oriented crops.
B Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.
C Both farming practices provide an increased standard of living in rural communities from the many jobs created to run these large farms.
D Both farming practices enable local farmers to remain on their land rather than migrating to jobs in urban areas.
E Both farming practices guarantee that long-term sustainable farming methods will be incorporated in their production processes.

B Both farming practices involve the consolidation of family farms and displacement of rural communities.

Subsistence agriculture is most common in which of the following regions?
A Great Plains of the United States
B Pampas of Argentina
C Amazon Basin
D The Outback of Australia
E The Ruhr Valley of Germany

C Amazon Basin

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Which of the following is a subsistence crop?
A Corn
B Cotton
C Rubber
D Cocoa
E Timber

A Corn

In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, tea is farmed as a monoculture. Which of the following best explains why tea plantations are common in Sri Lanka and tea exports are important to the country's economy?
A Sri Lanka's unique climate and terrain make it one of the only countries where tea plants thrive.
B Tea plantations are a traditional form of subsistence agriculture practiced by Sri Lanka's indigenous groups.
C Sri Lankans drink more tea per capita than any other nationality.
D The early hearth of tea plant domestication is located in Sri Lanka.
E Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

E Tea plantations were established in Sri Lanka by a former European colonial power.

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The clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture frequently results in
A long-term productive farmland
B a shift to animal raising
C an increase in the size of the ozone hole
D better-managed commercial forests
E large-scale immigration

B a shift to animal raising

All of the following statements about the geography of meat production in the United States and Canada are true EXCEPT
A Industrial farmers are raising ever-increasing numbers of animals on their farms .
B Animal slaughtering and meat-processing activities are dominated by a few large corporations .
C The development of the poultry industry has made chicken the least expensive kind of meat consumed in the United States and Canada .
D Fast-food restaurants have created a demand for increased standardization and homogeneity of animals raised for meat .
E Consumer demand for organic foods has significantly decreased the amount of meat produced by most agribusiness firms .

E Consumer demand for organic foods has significantly decreased the amount of meat produced by most agribusiness firms .

The township and range land survey system in the United States contributed to which of the following?
A A dispersed rural settlement pattern
B A clustered rural settlement pattern
C A rural long-lot pattern
D An urban agglomeration pattern
E An urban daily system pattern

A A dispersed rural settlement pattern

Why is the traditional classification of agriculture as a primary economic activity a problem when considering the geography of agriculture?
A Modern farmers are engaged in production, research, marketing, and some manufacturing of their products.
B Agricultural employment is such a small fraction of the labor force in the industrialized countries that agriculture can no longer be thought of as a primary economic activity.
C Unlike mining, forestry, and other primary activities, agriculture has not been affected by industrialization.
D Traditional patterns of farming are disappearing.
E Modern farmers use machinery.

A Modern farmers are engaged in production, research, marketing, and some manufacturing of their products.

During the first half of the twentieth century, which of the following facilitated the transportation of beef over long distances to global markets?
A Commercial canning
B Irradiation of food
C Refrigerated ships
D Airplanes
E High-speed railroads

C Refrigerated ships

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of improvements in transportation systems on agriculture?
A Local markets have become more important for dairy farmers.
B Individual farms have become more diversified.
C Corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms.
D Subsistence farmers are given great advantages.
E Cuisines have become more regionalized.

C Corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms.

On the map above, the shaded area is most associated with which of the following types of agriculture?

A Truck farming
B Plantation agriculture
C Slash-and-burn cultivation
D Rice cultivation
E Dairy farming

D Rice cultivation

Which of the following social or environmental impacts is most directly related to the use of chemicals in agriculture?
A A decline in insect-borne diseases and improved health at the global scale
B A decrease in the price of agricultural products due to lower labor costs associated with applying chemicals over widespread areas in one application
C An increase in the use of genetically modified crops
D An increase in profits that is limited to farmers in developed countries
E An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

E An increase in land and water pollution from agricultural runoff

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According to the von Thünen model, which of the following economic factors determine the pattern of land use shown on the diagram?
A Accessibility of railroads and highways
B Costs of labor, transport, and land rent
C Size and distribution of urban populations
D Adoption of new farming techniques
E Type of transportation and land rent

B Costs of labor, transport, and land rent

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Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use?
A Labor cost
B Transportation cost
C Fertilizer cost
D Machinery cost
E Seasonal fluctuations in prices of farm products

B Transportation cost

Which of the following correctly explains the placement of an agricultural product within von Thünen's agricultural land-use model?
A Beef cattle are raised close to the market because meat spoils quickly.
B Grain is grown close to the market because it is bulky to transport.
C Firewood is harvested far from the market because the best agricultural land is closer to the market.
D Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.
E Beef cattle are raised close to the market because land is cheapest closer to the market.

D Tomatoes are grown closest to the market because they spoil quicker than beef or grain.

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Based on the diagram of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, which statement best explains the connection between land value and agricultural production regions?
A Land value increases as one moves away from the market town because rural land is more valuable to farmers.
B Market gardening materials require heavier applications of chemicals to produce greater profits, which reduces the land value near the market town.
C Pasture land is the most valuable land since more is needed to raise livestock in a ranching environment.
D Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.
E Forested areas are the highest land value since they are often preserved for parks and natural activities.

D Grain crops require extensive acreage and are grown on land that is less costly and farther away from the market than other agricultural land uses.

Based on von Thünen's model of rural land use in an isolated state, which statement explains the most suitable place for a farmer to purchase a large parcel of land necessary for raising livestock?
A The ring closest to the market, because livestock are perishable goods and need to reach the market quickly.
B The ring closest to the market, because the land is more fertile for growing feed for livestock compared to other areas.
C The second ring, because livestock are heavy and more expensive to transport to market.
D The third ring, because the livestock would be closer to the suburban market areas with moderate transportation costs.
E The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

E The ring farthest from the market, because the land is less expensive and outweighs transportation costs to get the livestock to market.

The above map shows von Thünen's model applied to a map of the contiguous United States. Which of the following realities would NOT be accounted for by the theoretical predictions shown on the map?
A Wyoming is a major cattle-ranching area.
B Oregon has established a Forest Resources Institute.
C New Jersey's nickname is the Garden State.
D Florida's government has a Department of Citrus.
E The first cheese factory in the United States was near Rome, New York.

D Florida's government has a Department of Citrus.

Compare the two maps and examine the data for Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Which of the following statements is supported by the comparison of the two maps?
A There is less food produced in these regions and therefore fewer women working in agriculture.
B Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.
C Agriculture is considered a prestigious field in these regions, and they have the highest percentage of women working in agriculture.
D There is a strong correlation between countries with a large percentage of women in the paid workforce and women working in agriculture.
E Typically women in these regions work for agribusiness in the formal paid workforce.

B Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.

Based on the map, which of the following explains the similarities of the world regions where at least 51 percent of women work in agriculture?
A These regions are near the equator, in climate zones with high temperatures.
B These regions are in the Southern Hemisphere, in temperate climate zones.
C These regions are composed of less-developed countries with small rural populations.
D These regions are composed of more-developed countries with large urban populations.
E These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations.

E These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations.

Which of the following explains the significance of the similarities between Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in terms of the percent of women working agriculture?
A Women own or rent much of the land cultivated for plantation crops such as cacao, coffee, or tea.
B In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.
C In rural agricultural regions, women control the political and social lives of the community and consider farming as their primary role.
D In tropical regions soil and climate conditions are so favorable that little labor is required to farm crops.
E In the shifting cultivation found in rain forest regions, women do the work of claiming land and clearing the forest of trees.

B In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.

Which of the following best describes the roles of women in the rural, agricultural economies of sub-Saharan Africa?
A Salaried workers in large-scale commercial agriculture
B Nonwage workers on small, family-run farms
C Hourly workers in seasonal migratory farm work
D Landowners of export-oriented farms
E Drivers and operators of agricultural equipment

B Nonwage workers on small, family-run farms