Absolute Monarchs Cornell Notes
CORNELL NOTES
Topic: Absolute Monarchs Name: Chaarvi Satheesh Kumar |
Date: 10/31/2022 HAPPY HALLOWEEN MR. WALKER |
Period: 8th Period |
Questions/Main Ideas/Vocabulary Notes/Answers/Definitions/Examples |
Roman Numerals Roman numerals all consist of 7 letters. They are written in capital letters. 
Roman numerals are made by doing simple sums for each one.  10/31/2022 -- X/XXXI/MMXXII |
Absolutism/Absolute Monarchs An absolute monarch is when King and Queen who hold all of the power within their states’ boundaries. The divine right was made by Bishop Jacques Bossuet. He said that the divine right is given, not by themselves, but by God. It was the idea that God created the monarchy and the monarchy was God’s representative on Earth. If God gave you this power, God could also take it away. The monarchy would only answer to God, not their people/subjects. Monarchs control every aspect of society (military, finances, transportation, etc.). With great power, comes great responsibility-- and a lot of work. But the monarchy wanted the power part without having to do the work. To do just that, they made government Bureaucracies. Bureaucracies were specific jobs given to people (one in charge of the military, one in charge of the money, etc.). If the person with the job is bad at it or fails, then they get fired and a new person replaces them. This frees the monarchies from any limitations. The monarchies could sit back, relax, and enjoy the ride B] (while everyone else screwed up their sleep schedule trying to keep the country running). Social gatherings and religious worship… |
Philip II Hapsburg Family The Hapsburg family was the richest, most powerful, and very Catholic family. Charles V was one of the kings of the Hapsburg family. He was the one who split the country. Spain, Spanish colonies, the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and the Spanish Netherlands were all under his control. He split these lands in two because the entire empire got so big. It was hard to manage something of that size. Charles V still wanted to keep this power but by splitting it, he could control and oversee the country and its lands easily. Charles V made one throne into two thrones when they needed to pass on the power. He gave the main throne to Philip II, his son. Philip II gets the western part. Ferdinand, Charles V’s little brother, got the eastern empire-- Holy Roman Empire and Austria. Now there are two Hapsburg thrones-- Spanish Hapsburgs and Austrian Hapsburgs. Philip II had 339,000 pounds of gold by 1600. Today, that much gold is 8 billion dollars. He also had 16,000 tons of silver. He had 50,000 soldiers. These soldiers were highly trained and were not normal farmers, merchants, and commoners. These soldiers were volunteers. They were a standing army-- trained and ready to go whenever they were needed. Reconquista The Reconquista was a very long event, almost seven decades to complete, where Spain expelled the Jews and Muslims (Moors). At the same time, Philip is becoming the king of the new Spanish monarch. Henry VIII was also leaving Catherine and the Catholic church around the same time in England. Philip felt like it was his duty, his job, to stand up and defend Catholicism around the world in areas where it was challenged. This was a title previously given to Henry VIII before he left Catholicism. The pope asked Philip to use his huge army to get rid of some people who weren’t or were against Catholicism. He asked him to attack the Ottoman Empire. Philip feels very confident going into this fight because, one, he has a big army, and two, he has a secret. His secret-- Philip believes that joining the Catholics and fighting alongside them gives him support from God. He’s got a huge army and God at his side. Because of this, they felt like they could take on anyone and everyone, so they decided to attack Protestant England next. He attacks them because he wants to defend Catholicism and also for personal reasons. He married Mary for a while. Mary’s brother died or smth and Mary became the Queen of England for a while, while Philip ruled Spain. When Mary died, Philip thought he was now King of England and when he went to claim the throne, Elizabeth I was already there as the Queen. He even proposed to her but she said no. Conflicts Some conflicts included the fact that England was a huge island. Spain needed boats to get there. When the Armada sets out for England, Mother Nature beats them up and negatively affects the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth I and her fleet scored a huge victory and became a huge loss for Philip (personally), Spain (broadly), and Catholicism in total. All of his boats are now at the bottom of the ocean. It was viewed as a monetary loss. But Philip has a lot of money to lose. This was also a huge reputational loss. Spain’s reputation of having the strongest army was now being doubted, especially since he was just defeated by a girl. |
Spain’s Golden Age Building The Escorial was the home for Philip and was also a symbol of power. It was huge and it makes you think about how much money it would have cost. More money means Spain has more power. Art El Greco (The Greek) was called such because he was Greek. The SPanish loved this guy because he was a big-time Catholic. His paintings usually show some deep Catholic devotion. Literature Miguel de Cervantes made the Don Quixote de la Mancha. Don Quixote is a gentleman and is obsessed with books. Maybe because of his age, he has a hard time telling the difference between fantasy and reality and thinks that the things in the books are happening. Don thinks he is a Spanish knight and travels throughout the Spanish countryside to look for things that he can do to help others. He goes on quests to find something good he can do. Don comes across this field in Spain. It was filled with monsters. To Don they were monsters but to us they were goats. He could not differentiate the two. One time he comes to this town and falls in love with El Danza. But she was the town’s prostitute. There is another story where he has to annihilate these four-armed giants from his town. They were just windmills. One part of the windmill breaks off and knocks him unconscious when it hits him in the head. This kind of thing makes Cervantes’ book important. His book helps set an example for society. The people should be just like Don in the book. Find something to do even if it’s something like Don’s. |
Spain’s Empire Weakens Its rise was as gradual as its fall. Money The reason that led to Spain’s Golden Age was the same reason why Spain weakened. Money. With too much gold and silver coming over, inflation occurs. Inflation was one of the consequences of the amount of money in Spain. At the same time, Spain had a growing population. The people needed food, shelter, water, etc.-- the bare necessities. Spain did not have an equal amount of necessities. Spain had more people than stuff. If people wanted something, they had to pay more for the necessities. The Reconquista played a part too. Once it concluded, a lot of the Muslims who were artisans were gone. The Reconquista unintentionally hurt the ability to access their necessities. Taxes were also raised. The poor people paid most of the taxes. Nobles (wealthy) were given the privilege of paying little to no taxes. That was one of the ways they were able to stay rich. Those who had the least were taxed the most, and those who had the most were taxed the least. All four issues happening simultaneously were pretty bad. Guilds Spain had a guild system. A guild is a group of artisans that make things. They operated like this by law. You had to spend a lot of time as an intern/apprentice to learn from an artisan to become skilled at the craft and become an artisan yourself. You had to learn, then only could you join or be invited to a guild. The guilds would help quality be similar and high. That was one upside to the guilds. With high quality also came high prices. Because poor people can’t afford to buy such high-quality, high-priced things, they turn to buy French and English clothes. Now money is going toward Spain’s enemies. Spain didn’t have enough money to declare war so they had to borrow it. They borrowed from the countries around them. They loaned money from England, France, etc. Any money coming into Spain, went right to other countries to pay off debts. Any money that came into the country went right out to other countries. Spain had to declare bankruptcy three times. Spain would try to pay off most of its debts to each country at a time but never actually paid off debts in total. |
Dutch Revolt Philip II inherited the Spanish Netherlands when his dad died. The Spanish The Netherlands was mostly Protestant (Calvinists). Cause Philip decided to put a lot of taxes on the Dutch. They believed that they could get more money from this and also close some of those Protestant heretics Calvinists. Results The Dutch know that the Spanish are super poor and don’t have a strong armada or army anymore so they decide to fight back. The Dutch and the Spanish fought for 11 years and then finally declared independence. Spain is now considered weak and the Golden Age is long, long gone. Dutch Independence Rembrandt van Rijn as an artist. He was known by his first name. His paintings are really easy to tell apart from other artists. His paintings were very dark colored and were mainly gray, black, and brown. No bright colors. His art is more cool-colored and negatively emotion-like. Jan Vermeer is another artist. Almost all of his paintings are of women. They were bright and colorful. He also focused on indoor settings. He loved to paint with yellow and blue. These painters showed how important merchants and the middle class were to society. |
Henry IV St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a battle between The Huguenots and Catholics in France. Catholics were the attackers and Huguenots were the victims. The majority of France was Catholic, but it was not the official religion of France. Henry of Navarre is going to marry Catherine de Medici. Henry of Navarre is a protestant/Huguenot. Catherine is super Catholic. If Henry is going to marry Catherine and create a succession, he needs to convert to Catholicism. The French people were angry that a Huguenot was going to be their king and so they fought and attacked other Huguenots to get Henry out. Bourbon Family Once Henry married Catherine, he became Henry IV and began the Bourbon Dynasty. Shortly after becoming king of France, there was a lot of pressure to convert to Catholicism. Eventually, he does convert because he thinks that since the majority of France is Catholic, they should have a Catholic king. The Huguenots are not happy about his conversion because now they feel threatened that the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre will occur again. This creates a lot of fear in the Huguenots who are afraid that the Catholics will attack their churches. So to help the Huguenots, Henry IV created the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes protected the Huguenots from getting kicked out, getting attacked, and having their protestant churches attacked too. He converted and created the Edict of Nantes to help France heal from the massacre. He was trying to create a period of peace. Not a lot of people are happy with this Edict of Nantes. A fanatic eventually leaped into his carriage and stabbed him to death. |
Louis XIII Louis XIII was the son of Henry IV. They had very different beliefs. Henry embraced France and its responsibility. Louis XIII didn’t want the responsibility though. He only wants the power, not the work. Since he didn’t want to do any of the work, he appointed Cardinal Richelieu. Cardinal Richelieu Richelieu is Louis XIII’s most trusted advisor. He does most of the work for Louis. He can’t be the king though, yet he can do the jobs for the king because he is not of royal blood. Richelieu knows that if the power of the French monarchy grows, then he can get more power. Richelieu is going to do whatever he can to get as much power to the monarchy. Richelieu sees French Protestant Huguenots as threats because he believes that they could try to hurt the throne at any time. So to make sure the Huguenots don’t try anything, he tells Huguenot cities to take down their walls. He could easily imagine a scenario where a Huguenot could attack Louis and go to hide behind their city’s walls. Without the walls, Richelieu doesn’t see the Huguenots as much of a threat. Now Louis has more safety and power. One threat has been eliminated. Richelieu also made the Catholic and Huguenot nobles take down their castles/their fortifications. They needed to take down their defenses. It’s the same reason as it was for the Huguenots and their walls. Richelieu saw money and power as a threat. If Richelieu doesn’t have to worry about the nobles and Huguenots, then he gets more power. Intendants are local government workers that had a certain amount of power and authority. The jobs of nobles went to these intendants. Now the nobles were even less powerful. He gave the noble’s jobs to middle-class workers. These new intendants were happy with their position and gave loyalty to Richelieu and the throne. All of this happened within the borders of France. Thirty Years’ War Richelieu got the French involved in the Thirty Years’ War because they wanted to help bring down the Hapsburgs. The power of the Hapsburgs was a threat to France. The Hapsburgs controlled a lot of the land around France. Richelieu cares more about protecting the king’s (and his) power than the religious reasons for fighting. Getting rid of the Hapsburgs would make France more powerful. Louis XIII did die pretty soon because he never really was very healthy. His son, who is so very young, becomes the next king. |
Writers French writers adopted the idea of skepticism-- the idea that you can never be certain of something. Michel de Montaigne perfected the style of writing an essay. Montaigne created the essay to make sure that one big idea was summarized very quickly with proof and evidence so that it wouldn’t be as long as a book or novel. Montaigne noticed that history was a cycle of old ideas constantly being replaced with new ones. He says that, that cycle hasn’t stopped and that we’re in it. Since this cycle happens all the time, he said that people could never be certain of things-- skepticism. René Descartes shows his skepticism through deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when you start with a very big broad and vague statement and end with a very specific conclusion. Descartes said that all things you think exist, exist. Cogito ergo sum → I think…therefore I am… |
Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin Once Louis XIII died, his son was only four years old when he became king. Just like his father, Louis XIV had an advisor named Cardinal Mazarin. The nobles hated this guy because he raised taxes. He taxed the wealthy and strengthened the central government. He did so by continuing the things Richelieu did during his time. The effect of the raised taxes was The Fronde. The Fronde was a noble uprising against Mazarin to get him out of power because they didn’t want to raise taxes. The Fronde did not succeed because the nobles behind this plan were not on the same page and never agreed on the same plan. There was a lot of infighting going on. Another reason was that Mazarin fought back violently and publicly. If someone in The Fronde was found, they were shot and killed immediately. Louis XIV learned that if he didn’t have enough control over the nobles, then things like the Fronde would occur. Richelieu took precautions earlier in case something like the Fronde happened and he was right. Mazarin was in power when the Thirty Years’ War ended. The Hapsburg became weaker and Mazarin and the French line were much stronger. When Mazarin was on his deathbed, nobles celebrated. Louis XIV was 22 years old when Mazarin died. He was old enough and ready to do the job himself. He liked to say “L’Etat cast moi”. It means “I am the state”. It highlights how Louis sees his power. He was the perfect example of a divine right monarch. He knows that he is god’s gift to France. Jean Baptiste Colbert Colbert is the Minister of Finance in France. He was a good influence on Louis and was the closest to somewhat of an advisor to Louis after Mazarin died. His job was to make sure that the economy ran smoothly. Colbert believes that the country should turn to mercantilism. He decides to sell more and buy less. He told people to keep the money in France. He made sure that the French businesses had every chance they needed. He said if any business needed help, he would make it possible for them to make low-interest loans and give them lower taxes. That way companies had a good shot at succeeding. He also raises tariffs. A tariff is a tax on imported goods. He put high tariffs so the foreign goods out of the country would be cheaper and people would want to buy from France. Versailles The Palace of Versailles was a hunting lodge for Louis XIII. Louis XIV loved this place so he turned it into his palace. Louis had tons of fountains around the palace and gardens. The palace also had a Hall of Mirrors. One side was of windows and the other was of mirrors. When the candles were lit, the light bounced off of the mirrors and lit up the whole room. The Treaty of Versailles was signed here too. The Palace of Versailles was filled with paintings, statues, and art of Louis XIV. Louis was also known as the Sun King. War of the Spanish Succession The War of Spanish Succession lasted from 1710 to 1714. It was the biggest and most brutalist war of Louis XIV. This is when Charles II of Spain died without an heir. Charles II didn’t have an heir because he was inbred. He was iNbReD lEvEl FiVe. He was sterile, meaning he couldn’t impregnate someone. Charles II made a will that said that Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou, would become the king of Spain. Charles thought that they could draw in some of France’s success in Spain. The rest of Europe was not happy with this. They wondered what would happen when Louis XIV’s grandson died. Would the monarchy continue? Would the countries merge? Europe wasn’t happy with the possible combined power of France and Spain. It was Europe versus France and Spain (but it was more Franc because Spain was too weak). There was no decisive winner but it looks more like France won because it was one country between the entirety of Europe. After 10-12 years of fighting and no one coming close to winning, they decided to make it a draw and made a diplomatic agreement called the Treaty of Utrecht. The treaty said that Philip of Anjou could be king of only one country, not both. As soon as he would be named king of one, he would be renounced from becoming the king of the other country. Second, the British got Gibraltar from Spain. The British are thinking about naval power and getting Gibraltar would help them grasp that power. Once Louis XIV died after ruling for over 60 years. There are good and bad things here. The good thing, under Louis XIV’s control, France was the most powerful country in Europe. They dominated in everything. The bad thing, is if he were going to get this much power and be able to hold it, he would constantly fight someone. To fight, they had to spend a lot of money. Eventually, France would have to pay back all of this money. They also lost a lot of citizens to these fights. When people finally found out that Louis XIV’s died, they were a little relieved because they wanted someone new. Louis XIV realized the toll he put on the country and told his grandson, Louis XVI, to be a peaceful king. |
Austria vs. Prussia Serfs were people who worked for landowning nobles. They were a lot like indentured servants. They would work for the nobles and in return, they got shelter, food, and safety. Nobles made sure that they were always in debt so that they would have to keep working. In Western Europe, serfs were free to go and could find jobs in urban cities. Western European countries were moving away from relying so heavily on serf labor. In Central Europe, it was the opposite. They were hanging on to serfs and made laws that made it hard for serfs to leave their noble’s land. Western Europe began to industrialize eventually and much sooner than Central Europe did. Right after the 30 Years’ War, the Austrian Hapsburgs lost a lot from fighting France. But they do recover pretty quickly. One of the ways they recover is by reconquering a lot of the land that they lost. A lot of that credit for taking back the land went to Charles VI. He saves the Austrian Hapsburgs by getting a lot of that territory back. In these reclaimed lands, there was a diverse system of people who spoke different languages and had different cultures and beliefs. The diverse system included Hungary, Italy, Croatia, and Germany. It was very hard to maintain control over this diverse empire, but Charles VI was able to do it. Charles VI had another issue, he still needed to figure out how to keep the family going. He did not have a son, but he did have a daughter-- Maria Theresa. To make sure his Hapsburg family stayed in power, he went to each country (Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Germany), personally, and met with them to get promises, pledges, and oaths of support to uphold respect and treat Maria Theresa as the heir to the throne. Maria Theresa Maria Theresa is going to be challenged, especially by Prussia. Prussia was her biggest enemy. It was a huge rivalry. Prussia is pre-Germany. The Hohenzollern family is to Prussia as the Hapsburg family is to Austria. It is Maria versus Frederick “The Great.” In Austria, everyone loves Maria and they praise her. In Prussia, Frederick was admired and looked up to. They both did really good things for their countries. Frederick the Great Frederick William “The Great Elector” believed that a strong military means a strong and safe country. To pay for the army, he takes a taxation approach. It’s very similar to Cardinal Mazarin. He taxed the nobles. To avoid the nobles from rebelling, he called a meeting where all nobles needed to come. He was going to use logic and reasoning to convince the nobles that the taxation system is for the good of the country, to help keep the country safe, and in turn to keep the nobles themselves safe. When nobles didn’t listen to that, he used bribery. He told them that he would give them military positions. That they could go out to war and come back as heroes. Prussia will always always always have a strong army. Even when they became Germany, they always had a strong army. Frederick II Frederick II was more interested in poems, theater, and laid-back things than the theater of the military. When Frederick II snuck out and ran away with his friend, and was caught, Frederick I took that as a chance to teach him a lesson. He beheaded his friend right in front of him, then told him to harness that power into taking care of the country. It worked. Prussia VS. Austria Over Silesia Prussia wants Austria’s Silesia. Prussia wanted it because it would give them an advantage against their enemy since it bordered their enemy, Austria. It was not only a strategic location, but it also had a lot of goods that could be used for trading and money income (Iron ore, textiles, agricultural products). Maria Theresa went to Hungary herself with her newborn daughter to go and ask Hungary for their alliance in the war. She uses her daughter to butter it up for the king and everything. Hungary agreed to the alliance. Then she got an alliance with Great Britain. Prussia allies with France. Since Prussia had a strong army, they beat Austria and took Silesia. Maria's allying with Hungary made her look more powerful because she was able to convince the Hungarian King. The Seven Years’ War Maria starts to talk with France to ally. She did this by creating a political marriage between Louis XVI and Maria’s daughter, Marie Antoinette. Now France is an ally. Great Britain didn’t want to be allied with Austria anymore since France was their enemy. Instead, Prussia allied with Great Britain. Great Britain won and got all of the Ohio territory from France. |
James I Since Elizabeth I didn’t provide England with an heir, she was allowed to name whoever was the heir. She names James Stuart from Scotland as the heir to the throne of England. They both were cousins to each other. There were some similarities between Elizabeth and James. They both struggled with the Parliament over money, since they were the ones who controlled the money. They both wanted money to make colonies and conduct explorations. When Elizabeth became queen, she at first immediately turned England into the Anglican religion. The people didn’t like Elizabeth because of this and wanted Mary, Queen of Scots, who was super Catholic, to be their new queen. James is Mary’s son. The Catholics are hopeful that James will bring back Catholicism, but he left England the way it was-- Anglican. Gunpowder Treason Plot There are 13 Catholics who hated James and teamed up to assassin James. They wanted to figure out the best way to kill James for not embracing Catholicism. Parliament tried to turn the space below their space into a rental place where people could rent out a space to hold their things. The 13 Catholics planned to rent out space and store 36 barrels of gunpowder down there. The English monarch was always present during the first session of Parliament during a new monarchy. The 13 Catholics knew that he was going to be there so they believed that they could time it just right to set off the gunpowder and create an explosion. This was planned to happen on November 5th. One member of the 13 Catholics had a friend in Parliament who didn’t want to kill in the process. So he wrote a letter to Lord Monteagle to not show up to Parliament that day. When Lord Monteagle gets this letter, he feels like something bad will happen, so he hands the letter to the authorities and the authorities search and find the 36 barrels of gunpowder. The authorities decided to let it happen and hide in the space below. Then on that day, a man named Guy Fawkes went to set the gunpowder on fire. When he was running away from the fire, the cops caught him, put out the fire, and tortured him until he told all of the names of the others. Guy Fawkes was hung and drawn and quartered, and his body parts were thrown into a bonfire. Bible James also translated the bible. The Puritans thought that James would add some of the Puritan values into the bible translation, but he didn’t and that made the Puritans quite upset. They felt like they weren’t welcome, so they went to the Americas. This is why they came to America-- they wanted to practice their religion and have a society under their Puritan values. This happened 10 years after Plymouth and the pilgrims. |
Charles I Charles I is James I’s son. The throne is passed down to Charles. Again, the monarch is fighting with Parliament. Charles also wanted a lot of money but it was mainly for wars. Debt is usually easily paid back, but with wars, it is a little more tricky. Parliament says that Charles can have this money but only if he signs the Petition of Right. Petition of Right The Petition of Right said…
Charles signed the Petition of Rights because he needed the money more than the power. But also because he doesn’t believe Parliament has the power to limit his power, but god can. He believes in the divine right of god, according to Pope Jacques Bossuet. Charles I’s popularity is very low and a lot of people don’t like him. When James I became king at first, he made himself king of Scotland and England. At first, England was a part of Scotland. Then Charles, who inherited the England throne, was also the king of Scotland and so Scotland was a part of England. Scotland was mainly Presbyterians. Charles I told Scotland that they could keep their religion, but they had to adopt an Anglican version of the Bible. The Presbyterians were upset and they began to form a group to rebel. Charles had to ask Parliament to loan him money to fight the rebelling Scots. Parliament sees that Charles is not following the Petition of Right. They don’t want to fall for this again, and this time they decide to make laws that would limit the power of the king. They made it so that the Parliament had more power. Charles is upset and tries to arrest members of Parliament. This makes the people unhappy since Parliament is supposed to represent the people and he broke the Petition of Rights because he arrested someone. After all, they offended the king. |
English Civil War Who was fighting? Royalists and Cavaliers were on Charles's side. Royalists didn’t like the current monarch but believed that future monarchs would be better. Puritans were on Parliament’s side? Why were they fighting? They were fighting over whether they should have a monarch or not. Results? The Scots won in the end. Charles also goes to his parent's home in Scotland to see if any Scots still respect the Stuart name and would fight with him. There were a lot more Scots who wanted to support Charles than Charles had expected. General Olive Cromwell was able to change the Puritan’s side. Charles begins to get too brave and goes to a town in Scotland that hates him. The people in the town take this as an opportunity to capture him and give him to Cromwell. The war ends the moment Cromwell has his hands on the king. Charles is put on the first-ever public trial of a king. He said that he’s the king and the king can not commit treason towards the king if he is the king. He was also the first king to be found guilty and to be put on trial. Now that the king was dead, they decided that the new king would be Cromwell. |
Oliver Cromwell Interregnum Period The interregnum (interruption) period is the period when General Cromwell is the king. He is not king officially but he does rule. Cromwell wants a republic commonwealth government. He believes that everyday people should have a say in what happens in their country. Societal Reforms He also wanted to make England into Puritans. He wanted more people to see the fun things in life, like theaters, sporting activities, etc., as sinful. But to do this, he needs the people’s vote. No one wants to be a Puritan in England so they vote no. Since this republic commonwealth was stopping them from switching to Puritans, he changed to become a military-like dictator. They spent 14 years practicing Puritan ways. Sinful activities were abolished. The Calvinists believed in theocracy-- because my religion says this is sinful, the law says this is illegal. Cromwell did have religious tolerance to some point. He was okay with the Jews coming back to England but drew the line between Protestants and Catholics. |
Charles II Charles II is Charles I’s son. They chose him to be king because they were so desperate to stop Cromwell’s Puritan ways. The Restoration Charles II begins the restoration. This was a time when there were a lot of parties and celebrations. They were making up for lost time. Charles II passed the Habeas corpus law. It says that you can not be arrested unless you have a good reason. Habeas corpus means “to have the body.” Charles II turned out to be much better than his dad. Habeas corpus gave the people more power and the monarch less power. Charles had 11 children but none of them was his wife’s child. This is a problem when he dies. He doesn’t have a legit heir, but he does have a brother-- James. But James is Catholic. The Whigs are against James and him being Catholic, but the Tories are okay with it. James has one child-- a daughter-- who was married to William of Orange, who is super Protestant. |
James II Whigs vs. Tories |
William and Mary English Bill of Rights |
Main Terms to Know: Philip II of Spain Habsburgs Reconquista Don Quixote Divine Right of Kings/Jacques Bossuet Absolute Monarch Edict of Nantes Cardinal Richelieu Skepticism Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin Jean Baptiste Colbert War of the Spanish Succession Ferdinand II Thirty Years’ War Defenestration of Prague Gustavus Adolphus Peace of Westphalia Maria Theresa Frederick II “The Great” James I Charles I Petition of Right English Civil War Oliver Cromwell Restoration Charles II James II Glorious Revolution William and Mary English Bill of Rights |
Absolute Monarchs Cornell Notes
CORNELL NOTES
Topic: Absolute Monarchs Name: Chaarvi Satheesh Kumar |
Date: 10/31/2022 HAPPY HALLOWEEN MR. WALKER |
Period: 8th Period |
Questions/Main Ideas/Vocabulary Notes/Answers/Definitions/Examples |
Roman Numerals Roman numerals all consist of 7 letters. They are written in capital letters.
Roman numerals are made by doing simple sums for each one. 10/31/2022 -- X/XXXI/MMXXII |
Absolutism/Absolute Monarchs An absolute monarch is when King and Queen who hold all of the power within their states’ boundaries. The divine right was made by Bishop Jacques Bossuet. He said that the divine right is given, not by themselves, but by God. It was the idea that God created the monarchy and the monarchy was God’s representative on Earth. If God gave you this power, God could also take it away. The monarchy would only answer to God, not their people/subjects. Monarchs control every aspect of society (military, finances, transportation, etc.). With great power, comes great responsibility-- and a lot of work. But the monarchy wanted the power part without having to do the work. To do just that, they made government Bureaucracies. Bureaucracies were specific jobs given to people (one in charge of the military, one in charge of the money, etc.). If the person with the job is bad at it or fails, then they get fired and a new person replaces them. This frees the monarchies from any limitations. The monarchies could sit back, relax, and enjoy the ride B] (while everyone else screwed up their sleep schedule trying to keep the country running). Social gatherings and religious worship… |
Philip II Hapsburg Family The Hapsburg family was the richest, most powerful, and very Catholic family. Charles V was one of the kings of the Hapsburg family. He was the one who split the country. Spain, Spanish colonies, the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and the Spanish Netherlands were all under his control. He split these lands in two because the entire empire got so big. It was hard to manage something of that size. Charles V still wanted to keep this power but by splitting it, he could control and oversee the country and its lands easily. Charles V made one throne into two thrones when they needed to pass on the power. He gave the main throne to Philip II, his son. Philip II gets the western part. Ferdinand, Charles V’s little brother, got the eastern empire-- Holy Roman Empire and Austria. Now there are two Hapsburg thrones-- Spanish Hapsburgs and Austrian Hapsburgs. Philip II had 339,000 pounds of gold by 1600. Today, that much gold is 8 billion dollars. He also had 16,000 tons of silver. He had 50,000 soldiers. These soldiers were highly trained and were not normal farmers, merchants, and commoners. These soldiers were volunteers. They were a standing army-- trained and ready to go whenever they were needed. Reconquista The Reconquista was a very long event, almost seven decades to complete, where Spain expelled the Jews and Muslims (Moors). At the same time, Philip is becoming the king of the new Spanish monarch. Henry VIII was also leaving Catherine and the Catholic church around the same time in England. Philip felt like it was his duty, his job, to stand up and defend Catholicism around the world in areas where it was challenged. This was a title previously given to Henry VIII before he left Catholicism. The pope asked Philip to use his huge army to get rid of some people who weren’t or were against Catholicism. He asked him to attack the Ottoman Empire. Philip feels very confident going into this fight because, one, he has a big army, and two, he has a secret. His secret-- Philip believes that joining the Catholics and fighting alongside them gives him support from God. He’s got a huge army and God at his side. Because of this, they felt like they could take on anyone and everyone, so they decided to attack Protestant England next. He attacks them because he wants to defend Catholicism and also for personal reasons. He married Mary for a while. Mary’s brother died or smth and Mary became the Queen of England for a while, while Philip ruled Spain. When Mary died, Philip thought he was now King of England and when he went to claim the throne, Elizabeth I was already there as the Queen. He even proposed to her but she said no. Conflicts Some conflicts included the fact that England was a huge island. Spain needed boats to get there. When the Armada sets out for England, Mother Nature beats them up and negatively affects the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth I and her fleet scored a huge victory and became a huge loss for Philip (personally), Spain (broadly), and Catholicism in total. All of his boats are now at the bottom of the ocean. It was viewed as a monetary loss. But Philip has a lot of money to lose. This was also a huge reputational loss. Spain’s reputation of having the strongest army was now being doubted, especially since he was just defeated by a girl. |
Spain’s Golden Age Building The Escorial was the home for Philip and was also a symbol of power. It was huge and it makes you think about how much money it would have cost. More money means Spain has more power. Art El Greco (The Greek) was called such because he was Greek. The SPanish loved this guy because he was a big-time Catholic. His paintings usually show some deep Catholic devotion. Literature Miguel de Cervantes made the Don Quixote de la Mancha. Don Quixote is a gentleman and is obsessed with books. Maybe because of his age, he has a hard time telling the difference between fantasy and reality and thinks that the things in the books are happening. Don thinks he is a Spanish knight and travels throughout the Spanish countryside to look for things that he can do to help others. He goes on quests to find something good he can do. Don comes across this field in Spain. It was filled with monsters. To Don they were monsters but to us they were goats. He could not differentiate the two. One time he comes to this town and falls in love with El Danza. But she was the town’s prostitute. There is another story where he has to annihilate these four-armed giants from his town. They were just windmills. One part of the windmill breaks off and knocks him unconscious when it hits him in the head. This kind of thing makes Cervantes’ book important. His book helps set an example for society. The people should be just like Don in the book. Find something to do even if it’s something like Don’s. |
Spain’s Empire Weakens Its rise was as gradual as its fall. Money The reason that led to Spain’s Golden Age was the same reason why Spain weakened. Money. With too much gold and silver coming over, inflation occurs. Inflation was one of the consequences of the amount of money in Spain. At the same time, Spain had a growing population. The people needed food, shelter, water, etc.-- the bare necessities. Spain did not have an equal amount of necessities. Spain had more people than stuff. If people wanted something, they had to pay more for the necessities. The Reconquista played a part too. Once it concluded, a lot of the Muslims who were artisans were gone. The Reconquista unintentionally hurt the ability to access their necessities. Taxes were also raised. The poor people paid most of the taxes. Nobles (wealthy) were given the privilege of paying little to no taxes. That was one of the ways they were able to stay rich. Those who had the least were taxed the most, and those who had the most were taxed the least. All four issues happening simultaneously were pretty bad. Guilds Spain had a guild system. A guild is a group of artisans that make things. They operated like this by law. You had to spend a lot of time as an intern/apprentice to learn from an artisan to become skilled at the craft and become an artisan yourself. You had to learn, then only could you join or be invited to a guild. The guilds would help quality be similar and high. That was one upside to the guilds. With high quality also came high prices. Because poor people can’t afford to buy such high-quality, high-priced things, they turn to buy French and English clothes. Now money is going toward Spain’s enemies. Spain didn’t have enough money to declare war so they had to borrow it. They borrowed from the countries around them. They loaned money from England, France, etc. Any money coming into Spain, went right to other countries to pay off debts. Any money that came into the country went right out to other countries. Spain had to declare bankruptcy three times. Spain would try to pay off most of its debts to each country at a time but never actually paid off debts in total. |
Dutch Revolt Philip II inherited the Spanish Netherlands when his dad died. The Spanish The Netherlands was mostly Protestant (Calvinists). Cause Philip decided to put a lot of taxes on the Dutch. They believed that they could get more money from this and also close some of those Protestant heretics Calvinists. Results The Dutch know that the Spanish are super poor and don’t have a strong armada or army anymore so they decide to fight back. The Dutch and the Spanish fought for 11 years and then finally declared independence. Spain is now considered weak and the Golden Age is long, long gone. Dutch Independence Rembrandt van Rijn as an artist. He was known by his first name. His paintings are really easy to tell apart from other artists. His paintings were very dark colored and were mainly gray, black, and brown. No bright colors. His art is more cool-colored and negatively emotion-like. Jan Vermeer is another artist. Almost all of his paintings are of women. They were bright and colorful. He also focused on indoor settings. He loved to paint with yellow and blue. These painters showed how important merchants and the middle class were to society. |
Henry IV St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was a battle between The Huguenots and Catholics in France. Catholics were the attackers and Huguenots were the victims. The majority of France was Catholic, but it was not the official religion of France. Henry of Navarre is going to marry Catherine de Medici. Henry of Navarre is a protestant/Huguenot. Catherine is super Catholic. If Henry is going to marry Catherine and create a succession, he needs to convert to Catholicism. The French people were angry that a Huguenot was going to be their king and so they fought and attacked other Huguenots to get Henry out. Bourbon Family Once Henry married Catherine, he became Henry IV and began the Bourbon Dynasty. Shortly after becoming king of France, there was a lot of pressure to convert to Catholicism. Eventually, he does convert because he thinks that since the majority of France is Catholic, they should have a Catholic king. The Huguenots are not happy about his conversion because now they feel threatened that the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre will occur again. This creates a lot of fear in the Huguenots who are afraid that the Catholics will attack their churches. So to help the Huguenots, Henry IV created the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes protected the Huguenots from getting kicked out, getting attacked, and having their protestant churches attacked too. He converted and created the Edict of Nantes to help France heal from the massacre. He was trying to create a period of peace. Not a lot of people are happy with this Edict of Nantes. A fanatic eventually leaped into his carriage and stabbed him to death. |
Louis XIII Louis XIII was the son of Henry IV. They had very different beliefs. Henry embraced France and its responsibility. Louis XIII didn’t want the responsibility though. He only wants the power, not the work. Since he didn’t want to do any of the work, he appointed Cardinal Richelieu. Cardinal Richelieu Richelieu is Louis XIII’s most trusted advisor. He does most of the work for Louis. He can’t be the king though, yet he can do the jobs for the king because he is not of royal blood. Richelieu knows that if the power of the French monarchy grows, then he can get more power. Richelieu is going to do whatever he can to get as much power to the monarchy. Richelieu sees French Protestant Huguenots as threats because he believes that they could try to hurt the throne at any time. So to make sure the Huguenots don’t try anything, he tells Huguenot cities to take down their walls. He could easily imagine a scenario where a Huguenot could attack Louis and go to hide behind their city’s walls. Without the walls, Richelieu doesn’t see the Huguenots as much of a threat. Now Louis has more safety and power. One threat has been eliminated. Richelieu also made the Catholic and Huguenot nobles take down their castles/their fortifications. They needed to take down their defenses. It’s the same reason as it was for the Huguenots and their walls. Richelieu saw money and power as a threat. If Richelieu doesn’t have to worry about the nobles and Huguenots, then he gets more power. Intendants are local government workers that had a certain amount of power and authority. The jobs of nobles went to these intendants. Now the nobles were even less powerful. He gave the noble’s jobs to middle-class workers. These new intendants were happy with their position and gave loyalty to Richelieu and the throne. All of this happened within the borders of France. Thirty Years’ War Richelieu got the French involved in the Thirty Years’ War because they wanted to help bring down the Hapsburgs. The power of the Hapsburgs was a threat to France. The Hapsburgs controlled a lot of the land around France. Richelieu cares more about protecting the king’s (and his) power than the religious reasons for fighting. Getting rid of the Hapsburgs would make France more powerful. Louis XIII did die pretty soon because he never really was very healthy. His son, who is so very young, becomes the next king. |
Writers French writers adopted the idea of skepticism-- the idea that you can never be certain of something. Michel de Montaigne perfected the style of writing an essay. Montaigne created the essay to make sure that one big idea was summarized very quickly with proof and evidence so that it wouldn’t be as long as a book or novel. Montaigne noticed that history was a cycle of old ideas constantly being replaced with new ones. He says that, that cycle hasn’t stopped and that we’re in it. Since this cycle happens all the time, he said that people could never be certain of things-- skepticism. René Descartes shows his skepticism through deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when you start with a very big broad and vague statement and end with a very specific conclusion. Descartes said that all things you think exist, exist. Cogito ergo sum → I think…therefore I am… |
Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin Once Louis XIII died, his son was only four years old when he became king. Just like his father, Louis XIV had an advisor named Cardinal Mazarin. The nobles hated this guy because he raised taxes. He taxed the wealthy and strengthened the central government. He did so by continuing the things Richelieu did during his time. The effect of the raised taxes was The Fronde. The Fronde was a noble uprising against Mazarin to get him out of power because they didn’t want to raise taxes. The Fronde did not succeed because the nobles behind this plan were not on the same page and never agreed on the same plan. There was a lot of infighting going on. Another reason was that Mazarin fought back violently and publicly. If someone in The Fronde was found, they were shot and killed immediately. Louis XIV learned that if he didn’t have enough control over the nobles, then things like the Fronde would occur. Richelieu took precautions earlier in case something like the Fronde happened and he was right. Mazarin was in power when the Thirty Years’ War ended. The Hapsburg became weaker and Mazarin and the French line were much stronger. When Mazarin was on his deathbed, nobles celebrated. Louis XIV was 22 years old when Mazarin died. He was old enough and ready to do the job himself. He liked to say “L’Etat cast moi”. It means “I am the state”. It highlights how Louis sees his power. He was the perfect example of a divine right monarch. He knows that he is god’s gift to France. Jean Baptiste Colbert Colbert is the Minister of Finance in France. He was a good influence on Louis and was the closest to somewhat of an advisor to Louis after Mazarin died. His job was to make sure that the economy ran smoothly. Colbert believes that the country should turn to mercantilism. He decides to sell more and buy less. He told people to keep the money in France. He made sure that the French businesses had every chance they needed. He said if any business needed help, he would make it possible for them to make low-interest loans and give them lower taxes. That way companies had a good shot at succeeding. He also raises tariffs. A tariff is a tax on imported goods. He put high tariffs so the foreign goods out of the country would be cheaper and people would want to buy from France. Versailles The Palace of Versailles was a hunting lodge for Louis XIII. Louis XIV loved this place so he turned it into his palace. Louis had tons of fountains around the palace and gardens. The palace also had a Hall of Mirrors. One side was of windows and the other was of mirrors. When the candles were lit, the light bounced off of the mirrors and lit up the whole room. The Treaty of Versailles was signed here too. The Palace of Versailles was filled with paintings, statues, and art of Louis XIV. Louis was also known as the Sun King. War of the Spanish Succession The War of Spanish Succession lasted from 1710 to 1714. It was the biggest and most brutalist war of Louis XIV. This is when Charles II of Spain died without an heir. Charles II didn’t have an heir because he was inbred. He was iNbReD lEvEl FiVe. He was sterile, meaning he couldn’t impregnate someone. Charles II made a will that said that Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip of Anjou, would become the king of Spain. Charles thought that they could draw in some of France’s success in Spain. The rest of Europe was not happy with this. They wondered what would happen when Louis XIV’s grandson died. Would the monarchy continue? Would the countries merge? Europe wasn’t happy with the possible combined power of France and Spain. It was Europe versus France and Spain (but it was more Franc because Spain was too weak). There was no decisive winner but it looks more like France won because it was one country between the entirety of Europe. After 10-12 years of fighting and no one coming close to winning, they decided to make it a draw and made a diplomatic agreement called the Treaty of Utrecht. The treaty said that Philip of Anjou could be king of only one country, not both. As soon as he would be named king of one, he would be renounced from becoming the king of the other country. Second, the British got Gibraltar from Spain. The British are thinking about naval power and getting Gibraltar would help them grasp that power. Once Louis XIV died after ruling for over 60 years. There are good and bad things here. The good thing, under Louis XIV’s control, France was the most powerful country in Europe. They dominated in everything. The bad thing, is if he were going to get this much power and be able to hold it, he would constantly fight someone. To fight, they had to spend a lot of money. Eventually, France would have to pay back all of this money. They also lost a lot of citizens to these fights. When people finally found out that Louis XIV’s died, they were a little relieved because they wanted someone new. Louis XIV realized the toll he put on the country and told his grandson, Louis XVI, to be a peaceful king. |
Austria vs. Prussia Serfs were people who worked for landowning nobles. They were a lot like indentured servants. They would work for the nobles and in return, they got shelter, food, and safety. Nobles made sure that they were always in debt so that they would have to keep working. In Western Europe, serfs were free to go and could find jobs in urban cities. Western European countries were moving away from relying so heavily on serf labor. In Central Europe, it was the opposite. They were hanging on to serfs and made laws that made it hard for serfs to leave their noble’s land. Western Europe began to industrialize eventually and much sooner than Central Europe did. Right after the 30 Years’ War, the Austrian Hapsburgs lost a lot from fighting France. But they do recover pretty quickly. One of the ways they recover is by reconquering a lot of the land that they lost. A lot of that credit for taking back the land went to Charles VI. He saves the Austrian Hapsburgs by getting a lot of that territory back. In these reclaimed lands, there was a diverse system of people who spoke different languages and had different cultures and beliefs. The diverse system included Hungary, Italy, Croatia, and Germany. It was very hard to maintain control over this diverse empire, but Charles VI was able to do it. Charles VI had another issue, he still needed to figure out how to keep the family going. He did not have a son, but he did have a daughter-- Maria Theresa. To make sure his Hapsburg family stayed in power, he went to each country (Hungary, Italy, Croatia, Germany), personally, and met with them to get promises, pledges, and oaths of support to uphold respect and treat Maria Theresa as the heir to the throne. Maria Theresa Maria Theresa is going to be challenged, especially by Prussia. Prussia was her biggest enemy. It was a huge rivalry. Prussia is pre-Germany. The Hohenzollern family is to Prussia as the Hapsburg family is to Austria. It is Maria versus Frederick “The Great.” In Austria, everyone loves Maria and they praise her. In Prussia, Frederick was admired and looked up to. They both did really good things for their countries. Frederick the Great Frederick William “The Great Elector” believed that a strong military means a strong and safe country. To pay for the army, he takes a taxation approach. It’s very similar to Cardinal Mazarin. He taxed the nobles. To avoid the nobles from rebelling, he called a meeting where all nobles needed to come. He was going to use logic and reasoning to convince the nobles that the taxation system is for the good of the country, to help keep the country safe, and in turn to keep the nobles themselves safe. When nobles didn’t listen to that, he used bribery. He told them that he would give them military positions. That they could go out to war and come back as heroes. Prussia will always always always have a strong army. Even when they became Germany, they always had a strong army. Frederick II Frederick II was more interested in poems, theater, and laid-back things than the theater of the military. When Frederick II snuck out and ran away with his friend, and was caught, Frederick I took that as a chance to teach him a lesson. He beheaded his friend right in front of him, then told him to harness that power into taking care of the country. It worked. Prussia VS. Austria Over Silesia Prussia wants Austria’s Silesia. Prussia wanted it because it would give them an advantage against their enemy since it bordered their enemy, Austria. It was not only a strategic location, but it also had a lot of goods that could be used for trading and money income (Iron ore, textiles, agricultural products). Maria Theresa went to Hungary herself with her newborn daughter to go and ask Hungary for their alliance in the war. She uses her daughter to butter it up for the king and everything. Hungary agreed to the alliance. Then she got an alliance with Great Britain. Prussia allies with France. Since Prussia had a strong army, they beat Austria and took Silesia. Maria's allying with Hungary made her look more powerful because she was able to convince the Hungarian King. The Seven Years’ War Maria starts to talk with France to ally. She did this by creating a political marriage between Louis XVI and Maria’s daughter, Marie Antoinette. Now France is an ally. Great Britain didn’t want to be allied with Austria anymore since France was their enemy. Instead, Prussia allied with Great Britain. Great Britain won and got all of the Ohio territory from France. |
James I Since Elizabeth I didn’t provide England with an heir, she was allowed to name whoever was the heir. She names James Stuart from Scotland as the heir to the throne of England. They both were cousins to each other. There were some similarities between Elizabeth and James. They both struggled with the Parliament over money, since they were the ones who controlled the money. They both wanted money to make colonies and conduct explorations. When Elizabeth became queen, she at first immediately turned England into the Anglican religion. The people didn’t like Elizabeth because of this and wanted Mary, Queen of Scots, who was super Catholic, to be their new queen. James is Mary’s son. The Catholics are hopeful that James will bring back Catholicism, but he left England the way it was-- Anglican. Gunpowder Treason Plot There are 13 Catholics who hated James and teamed up to assassin James. They wanted to figure out the best way to kill James for not embracing Catholicism. Parliament tried to turn the space below their space into a rental place where people could rent out a space to hold their things. The 13 Catholics planned to rent out space and store 36 barrels of gunpowder down there. The English monarch was always present during the first session of Parliament during a new monarchy. The 13 Catholics knew that he was going to be there so they believed that they could time it just right to set off the gunpowder and create an explosion. This was planned to happen on November 5th. One member of the 13 Catholics had a friend in Parliament who didn’t want to kill in the process. So he wrote a letter to Lord Monteagle to not show up to Parliament that day. When Lord Monteagle gets this letter, he feels like something bad will happen, so he hands the letter to the authorities and the authorities search and find the 36 barrels of gunpowder. The authorities decided to let it happen and hide in the space below. Then on that day, a man named Guy Fawkes went to set the gunpowder on fire. When he was running away from the fire, the cops caught him, put out the fire, and tortured him until he told all of the names of the others. Guy Fawkes was hung and drawn and quartered, and his body parts were thrown into a bonfire. Bible James also translated the bible. The Puritans thought that James would add some of the Puritan values into the bible translation, but he didn’t and that made the Puritans quite upset. They felt like they weren’t welcome, so they went to the Americas. This is why they came to America-- they wanted to practice their religion and have a society under their Puritan values. This happened 10 years after Plymouth and the pilgrims. |
Charles I Charles I is James I’s son. The throne is passed down to Charles. Again, the monarch is fighting with Parliament. Charles also wanted a lot of money but it was mainly for wars. Debt is usually easily paid back, but with wars, it is a little more tricky. Parliament says that Charles can have this money but only if he signs the Petition of Right. Petition of Right The Petition of Right said…
Charles signed the Petition of Rights because he needed the money more than the power. But also because he doesn’t believe Parliament has the power to limit his power, but god can. He believes in the divine right of god, according to Pope Jacques Bossuet. Charles I’s popularity is very low and a lot of people don’t like him. When James I became king at first, he made himself king of Scotland and England. At first, England was a part of Scotland. Then Charles, who inherited the England throne, was also the king of Scotland and so Scotland was a part of England. Scotland was mainly Presbyterians. Charles I told Scotland that they could keep their religion, but they had to adopt an Anglican version of the Bible. The Presbyterians were upset and they began to form a group to rebel. Charles had to ask Parliament to loan him money to fight the rebelling Scots. Parliament sees that Charles is not following the Petition of Right. They don’t want to fall for this again, and this time they decide to make laws that would limit the power of the king. They made it so that the Parliament had more power. Charles is upset and tries to arrest members of Parliament. This makes the people unhappy since Parliament is supposed to represent the people and he broke the Petition of Rights because he arrested someone. After all, they offended the king. |
English Civil War Who was fighting? Royalists and Cavaliers were on Charles's side. Royalists didn’t like the current monarch but believed that future monarchs would be better. Puritans were on Parliament’s side? Why were they fighting? They were fighting over whether they should have a monarch or not. Results? The Scots won in the end. Charles also goes to his parent's home in Scotland to see if any Scots still respect the Stuart name and would fight with him. There were a lot more Scots who wanted to support Charles than Charles had expected. General Olive Cromwell was able to change the Puritan’s side. Charles begins to get too brave and goes to a town in Scotland that hates him. The people in the town take this as an opportunity to capture him and give him to Cromwell. The war ends the moment Cromwell has his hands on the king. Charles is put on the first-ever public trial of a king. He said that he’s the king and the king can not commit treason towards the king if he is the king. He was also the first king to be found guilty and to be put on trial. Now that the king was dead, they decided that the new king would be Cromwell. |
Oliver Cromwell Interregnum Period The interregnum (interruption) period is the period when General Cromwell is the king. He is not king officially but he does rule. Cromwell wants a republic commonwealth government. He believes that everyday people should have a say in what happens in their country. Societal Reforms He also wanted to make England into Puritans. He wanted more people to see the fun things in life, like theaters, sporting activities, etc., as sinful. But to do this, he needs the people’s vote. No one wants to be a Puritan in England so they vote no. Since this republic commonwealth was stopping them from switching to Puritans, he changed to become a military-like dictator. They spent 14 years practicing Puritan ways. Sinful activities were abolished. The Calvinists believed in theocracy-- because my religion says this is sinful, the law says this is illegal. Cromwell did have religious tolerance to some point. He was okay with the Jews coming back to England but drew the line between Protestants and Catholics. |
Charles II Charles II is Charles I’s son. They chose him to be king because they were so desperate to stop Cromwell’s Puritan ways. The Restoration Charles II begins the restoration. This was a time when there were a lot of parties and celebrations. They were making up for lost time. Charles II passed the Habeas corpus law. It says that you can not be arrested unless you have a good reason. Habeas corpus means “to have the body.” Charles II turned out to be much better than his dad. Habeas corpus gave the people more power and the monarch less power. Charles had 11 children but none of them was his wife’s child. This is a problem when he dies. He doesn’t have a legit heir, but he does have a brother-- James. But James is Catholic. The Whigs are against James and him being Catholic, but the Tories are okay with it. James has one child-- a daughter-- who was married to William of Orange, who is super Protestant. |
James II Whigs vs. Tories |
William and Mary English Bill of Rights |
Main Terms to Know: Philip II of Spain Habsburgs Reconquista Don Quixote Divine Right of Kings/Jacques Bossuet Absolute Monarch Edict of Nantes Cardinal Richelieu Skepticism Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin Jean Baptiste Colbert War of the Spanish Succession Ferdinand II Thirty Years’ War Defenestration of Prague Gustavus Adolphus Peace of Westphalia Maria Theresa Frederick II “The Great” James I Charles I Petition of Right English Civil War Oliver Cromwell Restoration Charles II James II Glorious Revolution William and Mary English Bill of Rights |
