Cumulative AP Psych Vocab

Chapter 1 terminology:

1. Psychology

   • the science of behavior and mental processes

2. Wilhelm Wundt

   • “Father” of psychology

   • Founded the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1897.

   • Established psychology as a science

3. Stanley Hall

   • Helped found the American Psychological Association (APA)

   • Created first psychology laboratory in the US

   • Founded the first psychology research journal

4. Structuralism- Edward Titchner

   • the whole can be understood by examining its parts

   • Sought to understand the human mind by breaking it down into its most basic components (structures)

     • Sensations

     • Mental images

     • Feelings, etc

   • Examined how these elements combine to form more complex experiences

5. Functionalism

   • Examined the function of the human mind

   • Was concerned with how the mind allows us to adapt and survive

   • Focused on the mind’s purpose, not its parts

6. William James

   • Wrote the first psychology textbook called Principles of Psychology

   • Was critical of structuralism

   • Established school of functionalism

7. Introspection

   • Process of looking inward, observing one’s mental experiences/sensations, and reporting them back to the researcher

     • What sensations, images, or feelings are you experiencing?

   • Unreliable because the results are subjective and inconsistent

8. Mary Whiton Calkins

   • Student of William James

   • First female to complete all PhD requirements at Harvard

   • Was denied degree because she was a woman

   • First female president of the American Psychological Association

9. Margaret Floy Washburn

   • First female to earn PhD in psychology

   • Studied animal behavior and wrote a book called The Animal Mind

   • Second female president of the American Psychological Association

10. Dorthea Dix

    • American activist on behalf of the severely mentally ill

    • Lobbied Congress to create first generation of mental asylums

11. Leta Stetter Hollingworth

12. Psychoanalysis- Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung,

    • First approach developed outside of a university setting.

    • Focused on the cause, development, and treatment of abnormal behavior.

    • Emphasized the role of the unconscious mind: the memories, feelings, and drives that are outside of our awareness.

    • Believed that early childhood experiences influence personality and behavior.

    • Believed that we are driven primarily by unconscious desires and feelings.

    • Criticized as being unscientific since the unconscious mind cannot be studied objectively.

13. Sigmund Freud

    • Austrian neurologist

    • Believed psychological illness was different than physical illness and could be cured with “talking therapy.”

    • Founder of psychoanalysis

14. Unconscious

15. Behaviorism- John Watson, BF Skinner

    • Said psychology should only be concerned with what can be objectively observed and measured

    • Redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior

    • Not concerned with things that cannot be directly observed, such as thoughts, feelings, and the unconscious mind.

    • Believes behavior is learned (conditioned by environmental factors)

    • Focuses on how behaviors are learned and modified

16. John Watson

    • One of the founders of the behavioral approach

    • Believed psychology should only focus on what could be objectively measured

    • Conducted infamous Little Albert experiment

17. Behavior

18. Humanism- Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

    • Addressed perceived flaws in both the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches

    • Focuses on people’s potential and their drive to be their best

    • Has a more positive outlook on people than the behavioral or psychoanalytic approaches

    • Emphasizes a person’s positive qualities

    • Emphasizes the capacity for human growth/reaching one’s potential

    • Emphasizes the freedom to choose one’s destiny

19. Cognitive perspective- Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon

    • COGNITION = thinking / information-processing

    • Studies how thinking and perception influence behavior.

      • How we direct our attention

      • Memory

      • Thinking

      • Problem solving

      • Decision-making

    • In the cognitive view, an individual’s mental processes are in control of behavior through memories, perceptions, images, and thinking.

20. Biological perspective- James Olds, Roger Sperry, David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel

    • Focuses on how genetics, the nervous system, hormones, and brain structures influence a person’s thinking and behavior

    • Is concerned with the biological causes of human thought and behavior

    • Is interested in how biological treatments (medicine, surgery, etc.) may improve certain psychological conditions

21. Evolutionary perspective- David Buss

    • Began with Charles Darwin

    • Emphasizes how evolution influences thinking and behavior.

    • Looks for aspects of human thought and behavior that help us and our genes survive over time.

    • Focuses on humans as a species; does not focus on specific individuals

22. Gestalt psychology

23. Clinical psychology

    • Psychologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders

    • Provides counseling/therapy (does NOT prescribe medication)

    • Works in hospitals, clinics, rehabilitation centers, and private practices

24. Positive psychology- Martin Seligman

    • The scientific study of human flourishing

    • Goal is to discover and promote the strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

    • Focuses on both individual and societal well-being

25. APA

26. Developmental psychology

    • Studies how people change and develop over their lifespan.

    • Cognitive and motor development, language acquisition, emotional development

27. Social psychology

    • Studies how we think about, influence, and relate to other people

28. Educational psychology

    • Researches how people learn and remember information

    • Helps develop more effective curriculum, testing procedures, classroom structures, etc.

    • Does not focus on individual students like a school psychologist

29. Health psychology

    • Examines how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness.

    • Designs conducts, or evaluates programs that help people live healthier lives (quitting smoking, improving sleep, managing pain, etc.)

30. Physiological/Biological psychology 

31. Forensic psychology 

32. Experimental psychology

    • Using experiments to study human thought and behavior

33. Cognitive Neuroscience

    • Studies the biological processes that enable cognition (thinking, perceiving, memory, etc.).

      • Brain structures

      • Neural networks

34. Psychometrics

    • Focuses on the construction of assessment tools, measurement instruments, and formal models that help study and observe human thoughts and behavior.

      • These would be used in research studies and clinical settings

35. Personality 

    • Studies people’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

36. Psychiatry

    • Medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.

    • Typically prescribes medication to treat mental illness

    • Works in hospitals, clinics, rehabilitation centers, and private practices 

37. Counseling psychology

    • Assists people with personal problems (often related to school, work, relationships, etc.)

    • Provides counseling/therapy

    • Most commonly works in private practices or clinics

38. Applied psychology

    • Research that is undertaken to solve a particular problem, not just to learn something new

39. Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I-O Psych)

    • Uses psychological training in the workplace

    • Helps companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems

40. School psychology

    • Tests students for learning and emotional struggles

    • Helps create individualized education plans for students with learning and emotional struggles

    • Occasionally provides counseling, but not often

41. Empiricism

    • The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation allow us to gain scientific knowledge

42. Theory

43. Culture

44. Ethnocentrism

45. Nature v. Nurture 

Chapter 2 terminology:

1. Hypothesis

   • Expresses a relationship between two variables.

   • A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

2. Theory

3. Operational definition

   • Explain what you mean in your hypothesis.

   • How will the variables be measured in “real life” terms.

   • How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is valid and reliable

4. Participants/subjects

5. Data collection techniques

6. Journal

7. Experiment

8. Independent variable

   • Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment.

   • Hopefully the independent variable brings about change

9. Dependent variable

   • Whatever is being measured in the experiment.

   • It is dependent on the independent variable.

10. Experimental group

11. Control group

12. Extraneous/confounding variables

13. Placebo effect

14. Random assignment

    • Once you have a random sample, randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables.

    • Experimental Group v. Control Group.

    • Group Matching (1 to 1 comparison)

15. Random sampling

    • allows us to obtain a sample representative of the population

      • So that results of the study can be generalized to the population

16. Descriptive/correlational research

17. Positive correlation

    • The variables go in the SAME direction

    • 

18. Negative correlation

    • The variables go in opposite directions

    • 

19. Correlation coefficient

    • A number that measures the strength of a relationship.

    • Range is from -1 to +1

    • The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero.

20. Illusory Correlation

21. Third variable

22. Naturalistic observation

    • Watch subjects in their natural environment.

    • Do not manipulate the environment.

    • never really show cause and effect

23. Reactivity

    • even the control group may experience changes.

    • Just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change

24. Case study

    • A detailed picture of one or a few subjects.

    • Tells us a great story…but is just descriptive research.

    • Does not even give us correlation data

25. Self fulfilling prophecy

26. Survey

    • Most common type of study in psychology

    • Measures correlation

    • Cheap and fast

    • Need a good random sample

    • Low-response rate

27. Questionnaires

28. Replication

29. Meta-analysis

30. Sampling bias

31. Population

32. Social desirability bias

33. Halo effect

34. Experimenter bias

    • Another confounding variable.

    • Not a conscious act.

35. Double-blind procedure

    • participants AND researchers do not know which group they are in/treatment they receive

36. APA ethical guidelines

37. Anecdotal evidence

Appendix B terminology(back of textbook p. A-21):

1. Statistics 

   • Recording the results from our studies.

   • Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about.

2. Frequency distribution

3. Histogram

4. Frequency polygon 

5. Descriptive statistics

   • Just describes sets of data.

   • You might create a frequency distribution.

   • Frequency polygons or histograms.

6. Central tendency: Median, mean, mode

7. Negatively skewed distribution

   • If a group has a low outlier, the curve has a negative skew (contains more high scores)

   • 

8. Positively skewed distribution

   • If group has one high score, the curve has a positive skew (contains more low scores)

   • mode is the high point, median is in the middle, mean is the biggest number

   • 

9. Variability

10. Range

    • distance from highest to lowest scores.

11. Standard deviation

    • the variance of scores around the mean

    • The higher the variance or SD, the more spread out the distribution is.

    • 1 SD is 34% 2 sd is 13.6% 3 SD is 2.1%

    • 

12. Normal distribution (bell curve)

    • the mean, median and mode are all the same

    • 

13. Percentile score

14. Scatter diagram/ scatter plot

15. Coefficient of determination

    • Percentage of variation in one variable that can be predicted based on the other variable

    • To get this number, multiply the correlation coefficient by itself

    • Coefficient of determination goes up as the strength of a correlation increases

16. Inferential statistics

    • The purpose is to discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected.

    • P-value= .05 for statistical significance.

    • At 5% or less, less likely the results are due to chance

17. Null hypothesis

    • Is the observed correlation large enough to support our hypothesis or might a correlation of the size have occurred by chance?

    • Do our result REJECT the null hypothesis?

18. Statistical significance

    • It is said to exist when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low, usually less than 5 chances in 100 (p value = .05 or less)

    • When we reject our null hypothesis we conclude that our results were statistically significant.

19. P-value

20. Type I v. Type II error

    • Type I Error- said IV had an effect but it didn’t (False alarm)

    • Type II Error- don’t believe the IV had an effect but it really does

Ch 3: Vocabulary to Know

1. Neurons- know all parts soma, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles, synapse/synaptic cleft

2. neurotransmitters

3. resting potential

4. action potential

5. absolute refractory period

6. all-or-none law

7. presynaptic & postsynaptic neuron

8. postsynaptic potential (PSP)

9. inhibitory v. excitatory PSP

10. reuptake

11. synaptic pruning 

12. acetylcholine

13. dopamine

14. norepinephrine

15. serotonin

16. GABA

17. endorphins

18. agonist

19. antagonist

20. central nervous system

21. peripheral nervous system

22. autonomic nervous system

23. somatic nervous system

24. sympathetic v. parasympathetic division 

25. fight-flight response

26. afferent nerves

27. efferent nerves

28. spinal cord

29. ventricles 

30. cerebrospinal fluid

31. lesioning

32. ESB

33. James Olds’ research on pleasure centers

34. EEG

35. CT

36. PET

37. MRI

38. fMRI

39. brainstem

40. hindbrain: medulla, pons, cerebellum

41. midbrain: reticular formation

42. forebrain: cerebrum, cerebral cortex

43. thalamus

44. hypothalamus

45. limbic system

46. hippocampus

47. amygdala

48. occipital lobe- visual cortex

49. parietal lobe- somatosensory cortex

50. temporal lobe- auditory cortex

51. frontal lobe- prefrontal & motor cortex

52. homunculus brain map

53. mirror neurons

54. brain plasticity

55. neurogenesis

56. broca’s area

57. wernicke’s area

58. left hemisphere

59. right hemisphere

60. corpus callosum

61. Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga’s split brain research

62. endocrine system

63. hormones

64. pituitary gland

65. oxytocin

66. pineal gland

67. thyroid gland

68. liver

69. adrenal glands

70. pancreas

71. gonads (ovary, testis)

72. chromosomes

73. genes

74. polygenic traits 

75. family studies

76. twin studies

77. monozygotic v. dizygotic twins

78. adoption studies

79. genetic mapping

80. epigenetics

81. Charles Darwin & natural selection

82. evolutionary psychology

83. fitness

84. adaptation

85. critical period

Chapter 5 (you do not have to do pg. 165-168)

1. Consciousness 

2. Brian waves: beta, alpha, theta, delta

3. Biological rhythms

4. Circadian rhythms

5. Suprachiasmatic nucleus

6. Pineal gland- melatonin

7. Jet lag

8. EMG, EOG, & EKG

9. Stages of sleep

10. REM sleep

11. Sleep deprivation

12. Insomnia

13. Benzodiazepine sedatives and nonbenzodiazepine 

14. Narcolepsy

15. Sleep apnea

16. Somnambulism

17. REM sleep behavior disorder

18. Content & culture of dreams

19. Sigmund Freud’s wish fulfillment theory

20. Manifest v latent content of dreams

21. Rosalind Cartwright’s theory of problem-solving/mood-regulation view

22. Hobson & McCarley’s activation-synthesis model

23. Psychoactive drugs

24. Narcotics

25. Sedatives

26. Stimulants

27. Hallucinogens

28. Cannabis

29. Alcohol

30. Multifactorial causation

31. Tolerance

32. Physical dependence

33. Psychological dependence

34. Withdrawal 

35. Mesolimbic dopamine pathway- Nucleus accumbens

Ch.4

1. Sensation

2. Perception

3. Visual agnosia

4. Light & its physical properties

5. transduction

6. Parts of the eye- cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea, optic nerve, optic disk (blind spot)

7. Lens accommodation

8. Nearsightedness

9. Farsightedness

10. Visual receptor cells: rods and cones

11. Bipolar and ganglion cells

12. Dark & light adaptation

13. Receptive field

14. Visual pathways of the brain: optic chiasm, thalamus, LGN, superior colliculus, visual cortex

15. Ventral stream & Dorsal stream

16. Hubel & Wiesel’s research on the visual cortex

17. Feature detectors

18. Subtractive v. additive color mixing

19. Trichromatic theory of color

20. Color blindness

21. Dichromats v. monochromats

22. Opponent processing theory

23. Reversible figure

24. Perceptual set

25. Inattentional blindness

26. Feature analysis

27. Top down processing

28. Bottom down processing

29. Phi phenomenon

30. Gestalt principles: figure-ground, proximity, closure, similarity, simplicity, continuity

31. Perceptual hypothesis

32. Depth perception

33. Binocular depth cues: retinal disparity

34. Monocular depth cues

35. Pictorial depth cues: linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, relative size, height in plane, light and shadow

36. Perceptual constancy

37. Visual illusions: Muller-Lyer, Ames room, ponzo, moon

38. Physical properties of sound waves

39. Frequency

40. Hertz

41. Volley principle

42. External ear: pinna & auditory canal

43. Middle ear: ear drum, ossicles (hammer, anvil, stir-up)

44. Inner ear: cochlea, basilar membrane, auditory receptors (hair cells)

45. Place theory

46. Frequency theory

47. Vestibular sense: semicircular canals

48. Auditory (sound) localization

49. Taste: gustatory system- taste buds

50. Primary & fifth tastes

51. Supertasters and nontasters

52. Sensory adaptation

53. Olfactory system- olfactory cilia & olfactory bulb

54. Receptive fields

55. Tactile system: Touch

56. Fast v slow pathway

57. Gate-control theory

Part of the unit but not in the textbook:

1. Absolute threshold

2. Just noticeable difference/difference threshold

3. Signal detection theory

4. Gustav Fechner- Fechner’s law

5. Ernst Weber- Weber’s Law

6. Stroop Effect

7. Synesthesia

8. Kinesthesis

9. Subliminal message

10. Selective attention

11. Cocktail party phenomenon

12. Change blindness

13. Afterimage

14. Complementary colors

15. Motion parallax & relative motion

16. Prosopagnosia- face blindness

Vocabulary to Know

1. Learning

2. Classical Conditioning

3. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

4. Unconditioned response (UCR)

5. Neutral stimulus

6. Conditioned stimulus (CS)

7. Conditioned response (CR)

8. Conditioned reflex

9. Elicit

10. Trial

11. Evaluative conditioning

12. Acquisition

13. Stimulus contiguity

14. Extinction

15. Spontaneous recovery

16. Renewal effect

17. Stimulus generalization

18. Stimulus discrimination

19. Schedules of reinforcement

20. Higher-order conditioning

21. Operant conditioning/instrumental learning

22. Consequences

23. Reinforcement

24. Operant chamber

25. Emit

26. Shaping

27. Fixed-interval/ Fixed-Ratio

28. Variable-interval/ Variable-Ratio

29. Positive reinforcement

30. Negative reinforcement

31. Escape learning

32. Instinctive drift

33. Sauce béarnaise syndrome

34. Conditioned taste-aversion

35. Reinforcement contingencies

36. Cumulative recorder

37. Discriminative Stimuli

38. Primary & Secondary reinforcers

39. Phobias

40. Resistance to extinction

41. Intermittent/Partial reinforcement

42. Continuous Reinforcement

43. Patterns of response

44. Punishment

45. Observational Learning

46. Modeling

47. Behavior modification

48. Behavioral contract

49. Biofeedback

People to Know

1. John Watson- Baby Albert experiment

2. Edward Thorndike & law of effect

3. BF Skinner- Operant Conditioning

4. John Garcia- taste aversion experiment

5. Martin Seligman- learned helplessness experiment

6. Robert Rescorla- role of cognitive processes in classical conditioning

7. Albert Bandura- Bobo the doll experiment (relational v. instrumental aggression)

8. Edward Tolman- latent learning & cognitive maps experiments

9. Wolfgang Kohler- Insight learning

10. Ivan Pavlov- classical conditioning experiment

People to Know (Ch. 7):

1. Elizabeth Loftus

2. Endel Tulving

3. Baddeley’s model of working memory

4. Hermann Ebbinghaus

Vocabulary to Know (Ch.7)

1. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

2. Encoding

3. Storage

4. Retrieval

5. Attention

6. Structural encoding

7. Phonemic encoding

8. Semantic encoding

9. Levels-of-processing theory

10. Elaboration

11. Imagery

12. Dual-coding theory

13. Information processing theories

14. Pseudoforgetting

15. Sensory memory

16. Decay theory

17. Short-term memory

18. Interference theory

19. Long-term memory

20. Retroactive interference

21. Maintenance Rehearsal

22. Proactive interference

23. Interference

24. Schema

25. Chunk

26. Repression

27. Flashbulb memories

28. Retrograde amnesia

29. Connectionist/PDP models

30. Anterograde amnesia

31. Recognition measure of retention

32. Consolidation

33. Anatomy of memory 52. Memory trace

34. Implicit memory

35. Encoding Specificity Principle

36. Semantic network

37. Explicit memory

38. Declarative memory

39. Source monitoring

40. Misinformation effect

41. Non-declarative/Procedural memory

42. Semantic memory

43. Forgetting curve

44. Source monitoring error

45. Episodic memory

46. Mnemonic devices

47. Recall measure of retention

48. Retention

49. Overlearning

50. Serial-position effect (primacy & recency)

51. Hindsight bias

    • The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you knew it all along

52. Reality monitoring

53. Self-referent encoding

54. Conceptual hierarchy

55. Transfer-appropriate processing

56. Destination memory 64. Long term potentiation

57. Prospective memory 65. Retrospective memory

58. Method of loci 66. Link method

Chapter 8 Part 1: Problem Solving and Cognition

1. 1. Cognition

2. 22. Problem solving

3. 2. Language

4. 23. Functional fixedness

5. 3. Phonemes

6. 24. Mental set

7. 4. Schema

8. 5. Morphemes

9. 25. Insight

10. 6. Semantics

11. 26. Problem space

12. 7. Syntax

13. 27. Trial and error

14. 8. Milestones in language development

15. 28. algorithms

16. 9. Receptive vocabulary

17. 29. heuristic

18. 10. Productive vocabulary

19. Incubation effect

20. Fast mapping

21. Holistic cognitive style

22. Overextension

23. Analytical cognitive style

24. Underextension

25. Decision making

26. Telegraphic speech

27. Simon’s theory of bounded rationality

28. Overregularizations

29. Additive strategy

30. Metalinguistic awareness

31. Risky decision making

32. Bilingualism

33. Availability heuristic

34. Behaviorist theories of language (Skinner)

35. Representative heuristic

36. Nativist theories of language (Chomsky)

37. Conjunction fallacy

38. Language acquisition device (LAD)

39. Gambler’s fallacy

40. Interactionist theories

41. Confirmation bias

42. Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis

43. Framing

44. Semantic slanting

Chapter 8 (Part 2: IQ and testing)

1. Psychological test

2. Intelligence test

3. Aptitude test

4. Achievement test

5. Personality test

6. Standardization

7. Test norms

8. Percentile score

9. Reliability

10. Test-retest reliability

11. Validity

12. Content validity

13. Criterion-related validity

14. Construct validity

15. Mental age

16. Intelligence quotient

17. Stanford-Binet test

18. Factor analysis

19. Fluid intelligence

20. Crystallized intelligence

21. Normal distribution

22. Deviation IQ scores

23. Verbal, practical, & social intelligence

24. Mental retardation

25. Down syndrome

26. Phenylketonuria (PKU)

27. Hydrocephaly

28. Gifted Children

29. 3 rings of Eminence

30. Heritability ratio

31. Cumulative deprivation hypothesis

32. Flynn effect

33. Reaction range

34. Creativity

35. Divergent thinking

36. Convergent thinking

37. Sir Francis Galton

38. Alfred Binet

39. Lewis Terman

40. David Wechsler

41. Charles Spearman’s “g”

42. Arthur Jensen & The Bell Curve

43. Claude Steele’s Stereotype threat

44. Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence: practical, analytical, creative

45. Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

Not in text but required by collegeboard: Research on your own and know for class

1. deep v. shallow processing

2. metacognition

3. state dependent learning

4. echoic & iconic memory

5. contributions of George A. Miller

6. predictable-world bias

7. linguistic determinism

8. sunk-cost fallacy

9. anchoring and adjustment heuristic/the anchoring effect

10. optimistic/pessimistic explanatory styles

11. cognitive dissonance

CHAPTER 10

1. Development

2. Prenatal period

3. Zygote

4. Germinal stage

5. Placenta

6. Embryonic stage

7. Fetal stage

8. Teratogens

9. Age of viability

10. Fetal alcohol syndrome

11. Motor development-Gross & Fine Motor Skills

12. Cephalocaudal trend

13. Proximodistal trend

14. Maturation

15. Developmental Norms

16. Reflexes

17. Imprinting

18. Temperament (know different types)

19. Longitudinal study

20. Cross-Sectional study

21. Attachment

22. Harry Harlow’s research on attachment

23. Cohort Effects

24. Separation anxiety

25. Secure attachment

26. Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Procedure

27. Anxious-Ambivalent attachment

28. Avoidant attachment

29. Disorganized-Disoriented attachment

30. Stage Theory

31. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

32. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory (know all stages)

33. Continuous v. Discontinuous development

34. Sensorimotor period

35. Object permanence

36. Preoperational period

37. Conservation

38. Centration

39. Irreversibility

40. Egocentrism

41. Animism

42. Accommodation & Assimilation

43. Concrete operational period

44. Formal operational period

45. Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

46. Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral dev theory

47. Carol Gilligan’s care orientation

48. Pubescence

49. Secondary Sex Characteristics

50. Puberty

51. Primary sex characteristics

52. Menarche

53. Spermarch

54. Prefrontal cortex in adolescence

55. James Marcia’s identity statuses (know all)

56. Empty nest

57. Midlife crisis

58. Menopause

59. Dementia

60. Fluid Intelligence

61. Crystallized Intelligence

62. Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive

63. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’ Stages of Accepting Death

64. Gender differences

65. Gender stereotypes

66. Gender roles

67. Socialization

68. Visual Cliff experiment

69. death deferral theory

70. habituation

71. theory of mind

72. spotlight effect

Chapter 9: Motivation, Emotion and Social Needs

1. Homeostasis

2. Drive

3. Drive reduction theory

4. Incentive theory

5. Evolutionary theories

6. Biological v. social motives

7. Hunger & the hypothalamus: LH, VMH, arcuate nucleus, & PVN

8. Glucostatic theory

9. Insulin

10. Leptin

11. Environmental factors influencing hunger

12. Obesity

13. BMI

14. Set point

15. Excitement phase & vasocongestion

16. Plateau Phase

17. Orgasm Phase

18. Resolution Phase

19. Sex v. gender

20. Gender Differences in Sexual Activity

21. Gender Differences in Mate Preference

22. Sexual orientation: heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual

23. Achievement motive

24. Projective test

25. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

26. 3 parts of emotion

27. Affective forecasting

28. Galvanic skin response (GSR)

29. Polygraph

30. Brain areas influencing emotions

31. Facial feedback hypothesis

32. 6 fundamental emotions

33. Display rules

34. James-Lange theory

35. Cannon-Bard theory

36. Schachter’s 2 Factor theory

37. Evolutionary theory of emotions

38. Walter Cannon

39. Master & Johnson’s Human Sexual Response

40. Robert Triver’s parental investment theory

41. David Buss

42. Alfred Kinsey’s 7 point scale

43. David McClelland

44. John Atkinson’s 3 determinants of achievement behavior

45. Overjustification Effect

46. Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory) 

Chapter 11: Personality

1. Personality

2. McCrae & Costa’s Five-Factor Model

3. Personality Trait

4. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Theory

5. Sigmund Freud

6. Id, Ego, Superego

7. Pleasure Principle

8. Reality Principle

9. Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

10. Carl Jung’s Analytical Psychology

11. Collective Unconscious

12. Personal Unconscious

13. Archetypes

14. Defense Mechanisms: Repression, Projection, Displacement, Sublimation, Reaction Formation, Regression, Rationalization, Identification

15. Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

16. Fixation

17. Libido

18. Oedipus & Electra Complex

19. Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology

20. Striving for superiority

21. Compensation

22. Birth Order

23. Behaviorism perspective

24. BF Skinner’s views on personality (determinism & response tendencies)

25. Albert Bandura- reciprocal determinism

26. Self-efficacy

27. Walter Mischel & person-situation controversy

28. Humanism perspective

29. Carl Roger’s person centered theory

30. self-concept

31. incongruence

32. Abraham Maslow’s theory of self actualization

Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, & Health Vocabulary

1. Stress

2. Primary appraisal

3. Secondary appraisal

4. Frustration

5. Conflict

6. Approach-approach

7. approach -avoidance

8. Avoidance-avoidance

9. Change

10. Holmes & Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating 

11. Pressure

12. Broaden-and-build theory of emotions

13. inverted-U hypothesis/Arousal Theory(Yerkes Dodson law)

14. Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (know all 3 phases)

15. ACTH

16. Adrenal medulla & cortex

17. Corticosteroids

18. Catecholamines

19. Coping

20. Aggression

21. Catastrophic thinking

22. Self indulgence

23. Internet addiction

24. Defense mechanisms

25. Constructive coping

26. Coronary heart disease relation to stress

27. Type A & type B personality 

28. Depressive disorders relation to heart disease

29. Immune response

30. Social support

31. Optimism

32. Internal & external locus of control (not in text)

33. Positive effects of stress

34. Ellis’ Rational-emotive behavior therapy

Ch 12 Social Psychology Vocabulary to Know

1. Social psychology

2. Person perception

3. Stereotypes

4. Illusory correlation

5. Ingroup/outgroup

6. Attribution

7. actor-observer bias

8. Internal v. external attributions

9. Weiner’s model

10. Fundamental attribution error

11. self serving bias

12. 5 factors of attraction 

13. Defensive attribution (just world phenomenon)

14. Individualism

15. Collectivism

16. Interpersonal attraction

17. Matching hypothesis

18. Sternberg’s triangular theory of love (not in text)

19. Passionate v. companionate love

20. Adult attachment styles

21. Attitudes

22. Explicit v implicit attitudes

23. Persuasion: source, receiver, message, channel

24. Mere exposure effect

25. Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance

26. Elaboration likelihood model: central & peripheral routes of persuasion

27. Conformity

28. Solomon Asch’s conformity studies

29. Normative influence

30. Informational influence

31. Obedience

32. Stanley Milgram’s authority study

33. Philip Zimbardo’s prison study

34. Social roles

35. Group

36. Bystander effect & Diffusion of responsibility

37. Social loafing

38. Group polarization

39. Groupthink

40. Group cohesiveness

41. Prejudice

42. Discrimination

43. Foot-in-the-door technique

44. Door-in-the-face technique*

45. Reciprocity norm

46. Lowball technique

47. Social facilitation*

48. Deindividuation*

49. out-group homogeneity bias*

50. altruism*

51. Frustration-aggression principle*

52. Instrumental aggression*

53. False consensus effect*

54. Prisoner’s dilemma/social trap*

55. Scapegoat theory*

Chapter 14: Psychological disorders

1. Medical model

2. Criteria of abnormal behavior

3. Diagnosis

4. Prognosis

5. Etiology

6. DSM

7. Comorbidity

8. Prevalence

9. Anxiety disorders

10. Generalized anxiety disorder

11. Phobic disorder

12. Panic disorder

13. Agoraphobia

14. OCD

15. PTSD

16. Concordance rate

17. Dissociative disorders

18. Dissociative amnesia

19. Dissociative fugue

20. Dissociative identity disorder

21. Depressive disorders

22. Major depressive disorder

23. Anhedonia

24. Bipolar disorders

25. Schizophrenia

26. Delusions

27. Hallucinations

28. Schizophrenia

29. Positive v. negative symptoms

30. Expressed emotion

31. Somatization disorders:illness anxiety disorder, somatoform, conversion disorder

32. Personality disorders (antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, dependent, borderline, schizoid)

33. Insanity

34. Involuntary commitment

35. Culture-bound disorders

36. Eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge-eating

Chapter 15

1. Insight therapies

2. Behavioral therapies

3. Biomedical therapies

4. Clinical psychologist

5. Counseling psychologist

6. Psychiatrists

7. Psychoanalysis

8. Free association

9. Dream analysis

10. Interpretation

11. Resistance

12. Transference

13. Carl Roger’s Client-centered therapy

14. Positive psychology

15. Group therapy

16. Couples/marriage therapy

17. Family therapy

18. Spontaneous remission

19. Systematic desensitization

20. Exposure therapies

21. Aversion therapy

22. Social skills training

23. Aaron Beck’s Cognitive-behavioral treatment

24. Cognitive therapy

25. Albert Ellis’ Rational-emotive behavior therapy

26. Psychopharmacotherapy

27. Antianxiety drugs

28. Antipsychotic drugs

29. Tardive dyskinesia

30. Antidepressant drugs

31. Mood stabilizers (lithium)

32. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

33. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

34. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

35. Mental hospital

36. Dorothea Dix

37. Deinstitutionalization