Unit 6

[Ideas that Justified Imperialism] 6.1: Imperialist Ideas

New Imperialism: Context

• Ideology #1: Nationalism

  • Nationalism: Describes a sense of commonality among a people shared languages, religion, social customs, and that is often linked with a desire for self-rule with a territory

• Ideology #2: Scientific Racism

  • The ideas that human could be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological classes based on race. White vs Non-white

• Ideology #3: Social Darwinism

  • Certain species survive because they are better adapted

    If only the fittest survive and thrive in nature, then, applied to human society, that must mean that western industrial societies have proven that their ways are the best suited for the current global environment

• Ideology #4: Civilizing mission

  • A sense of duty wester (industrial) societies possessed to bring the glories of their civilization to “lower” societies.

    • Civilizing Mission

      • Sending Christian Missionaries

      • Reorganization of colonial governments into western models

      • Imposition of western-style education

        • Goals: Suppress indigenous language and culture

[How IMPERIAL states EXPANDED, 1750-1900] 6.2: Growth of imperialism

Setting the stage

• Historical developments

  • Shifting geographical focus

    • Ameria

    • SE Asia

    • Africa

      • → Africa, Asia, SE Asia

  • Change in imperial states

    • 1450 -1750

      • Spain

      • Portugal

    • 1750 - 1900

      • Spain & Portugal (declining)

      • Great Britain, Franch, Dutch (cont.)

      • Germany, italy, Belgium, United states and Japan (new)

Private to State control

• Congo: Rubber

Diplomacy & Warfare in Africa

• Diplomacy: The act of making political agreements by means of dialogue and negotiation, not warfare

• Berlin Conference (Scramble for Africa)

• State competition fueled imperialism

  With no African representative, it led to drawing borders in Africa that divided previously united ethnic groups and brought together rival ethnic groups.

  Warfare

  • France was in debt to Algeria

  • France beat up Algeria and took control

Settler colonies

• A colony in which an imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own people to set up an outpost of their own society.

Conquering Neighboring territories

• Conquering neighbors

  • United States

    • In order to complete the conquest, the U.S. government forcibly moved indigenous people onto reservations.

    • Forcible assimilations

  • Russia

    • Pan-Slavism

      • Unite all slavic people under Russian authority, including all who currently lived under Ottoman and Austrian rule

  • Japan

    • influence of Korea, Manchuria and part of china.

[How Indigenous People Resisted Imperial Expansion] 6.4: Indigenous Resistance.

Causes of Resistance

• Increasing questions about political authority

  • Many imperial powers introduced western style education to some folks under their imperial thumb

• Growing sense of nationalism

  • When imperial powers imposed their will and their language and their culture on various colonized people, that has a way of inducing a sense of nationalism in the conquered peoples.

Direct Resistance

• Indian Rebellion of 1857

  • Fight of british domination

• Rebellion of Tupac Amaru 2

• yaa Asantewaa War (The War of the Golden stool)

  • Great Britain was greedy to get its hands on more territory in west Africa to expand their gold coast colony

  • Queen Yaa Asantewaa led her people in rebellion against the British intrusion with armed violence

  • British Won.

Creation of new states

• Indian Removal Act - Trail of tears

  • Force the removal of the Cherokee nation along with several other indigenous people group from their eastern territory and resettled them in the Oklahoma ter.

  • Established a new state on the periphery of the united states including:

    • Semi-autonomous government

    • Judicial system

Religious Rebellions

• Ghost Dance Movement

• Xhosa Cattle killing movement

  • Cape Colony

    • Better Guns

    • Better Communication technology

[Global ECONOMIC Changes from 1750-1900] 6.4: Colonial Economies

Development of Export Economies

• Needs for Raw Materials

  • Copper

  • Cotton

  • Rubber

  • Gold

  • Diamond

• Export Economies

  • Economies primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets.

  • Many people that were colonized most were in Africa or SE asia or Americas

    • → They were subsistence Farming

      • Meaning: They grew a variety of foods that they and their family consumed to survive

    • The imperial powers showed up and made them farm cash crops instead.

      Imperial power fundamentally transformed colonial economies to serve their own interest, namely, the extraction of natural resources or the production of industrial crops.

Causes of Economic Development

• Imperial power needed raw material for industrial factories

  • Cotton, Palm oil

  • Guano - bird poop

• The need to supply food to growing urban centers.

Effects of Economic Development

• Profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods

  • Colonies provided a closed market

    • As colonial economy shifted to cash cropping, most of what they needed to survive had to be purchased on the world market

      Whatever profits they gained from the export of natural resources or mineral extraction went to purchasing the finished manufactured goods exported by imperial states .

• Growing economic dependence of colonial people of their imperial parents

[Economic Imperialism, Explained] 6.5: Economic Imperialisms

Economic imperialism

• The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means

• Ex. The opium wars

  • For a long time, the chinese restricted British traders to a single trading port → Trade Imbalance

  • Cause the Chinese SIlver came back to the British

  • Opium was banned and the British forced China to submission

  • Treaty of Nanjing

    The Qing Dynasty began to weaken and fracture for all kinds of reason, but a major reason was the Taiping Rebellion

    Religious movement among ethnic Hans that sought to get rid of the foreign Manchu ruler of the Ching dynasty

• Second Opium War

  • British and French defeating the chinese → more unfair treaties

  • Russia and Japan took advantage of this

  • Economic imperialisms

• Ports of Buenos aires

  • Several british businesses were interested in setting up operation in Argentina to extract and export raw materials

Trades in commodities

• Commodity

  • Any goods that can be bought and sold on the market

• Commodity trade

  • Cotton

    • India and Egypt → Britain etc.

  • Palm Oil

    • Sub-Saharan Africa

[Causes of MIGRATION from 1750-1900] 6.6: Reasons for migration

• Migration: Economic Causes

  • Causes of MIgration

    • Demographic Change

      • The Global Population exploded

    • Famine

      • Irish Potato Famine

• Migration: Technological Causes

  • Transportation Technologies

    • Railroad and Steamship

• Migration: Economic Causes

  • Migration for work

    • Voluntary Migration

      • Millions of Irish, Italian, and Germans immigrants left their home societies and relocated to the urban centers of the east coast of America.

      • Millions of chinese immigrant relocated on the western coast, and found work in the booming railroad industry.

    • Coerced & Semi-Coerced Labor

      • The Atlantic Slave trade was still booming at the beginning of this period.

      • Coerced labor

    • Indentured servitude

      Describes an arrangement in which a laborer would sign a contract to work for a certain number of years, usually between three and seven, in exchange for free passage to their destination.

      • The British Government facilitated the migration of indentured Indians to various parts of their empire including the Caribbean, Africa, and Southeast Asia

[The EFFECTS of MIgration, Explained] 6.7: EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

Effect #1: Gender Imbalance

• Women assuming masculine roles

• Family structures in those places began to change

Effect #2: Ethnic Enclaves

A geographic Area with a high concentration of people of the same ethnicity and culture within a foreign culture

• Outpost

  • Provided a small outpost of the migrants’ culture in the receiving society where they spoke their native language, practiced their religion, and ate ethnically distinct foods from home.

• cultural Diffusion

  • The presence of these communities also contributed to cultural diffusion of their home cultures into their receiving societies.

Effect #3: Nativism

• A policy of protecting the interests of native born people over against the interest of immigrants

  • Government Policies

    • Chinese Exclusion Act

      • Passed in the United States

    • White Australia Policy

      • Passed by the British Government