Lesson 1: Painting and Illustrations

A painting is any piece of art that is made by applying a pigmented liquid onto a solid surface. By nature, it is a 2D piece of art.

Uses and Purposes for Paintings (and Art)

• Ritual

• Decoration

• Education

• Entertainment

• Expression

History and Evolution

1. Prehistory

• The Earliest Known Paintings are Cave Paintings

1. Classical Times

• Murals were often used for rituals (for ancient Egyptians) and as decorations (for Greeks and Romans)

• Murals are paintings applied directly onto walls. Generally, these are public.

1. Medieval Times (5th - 14th Century)

• Illustrated Manuscripts are Bibles with illustrations and other designs.

• Paintings were also used to decorate churches

• In Asia, they would paint on scrolls, fans, and screens

1. Renaissance (14th - 17th Century)

• Considered to be one of the most important periods in art history

• “Rebirth”

• This era had the introduction of modeling, linear perspective, and artist’s individualistic tendencies

• Artists became celebrities, hence they started affixing their signatures on their works

• In Asia, they had stamps as a form of signature. Government officials would put their stamps on pieces of art as signs of approval.

1. Industrial Revolution (Late 1700s)

• People had more money to buy art.

• More Art Schools (Academies) with Art Exhibitions (Salons)

• Caricatures populated in France. Caricatures are exaggerated paintings that are often meant to be humorous.

1. Modern Period (Late 1800s)

• After the invention of photography, artists had to evolve by making things that photographers couldn’t.

• Abstract Art was their way of making more expressive and experimental art which cameras couldn’t capture

History and Evolution in the Philippines

1. Spanish Colonial Period

• Damian Domingo is the father of Philippine Painting. He established the Philippine Art Academy (Academia de Dibujo y Pintura, in English, School of drawing and painting ) in 1821.

1. American Colonial Period

• Fernando Amorsolo was the first National Artist of the Philippines. He is known for his use of the “Academic Style” and “Philippine Light.”

1. Modern Period

• Victorio Edades is known as “The Father of Modern Philippine Art.” He was declared a National Artist of the Philippines in 1976. He was known to show more of the gritty parts of life in his art.

Important Artists

1. Leonardo Da Vinci

• A Renaissance Artist

• Known for the Mona Lisa

1. Pablo Picasso

• Known for his use of Cubism

• Full name is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso

1. Yayoi Kusama (1957 - Present)

• Japanese contemporary artist

• Known for her use of Polka Dot Patterns

• Lives in a Mental Hospital and uses art as therapy

1. Takashi Murakami

• Japanese contemporary artist

• Known for his use of Superflat, a “cartoony” style aiming to look 2D and flat

1. Bansky (1974 - Present)

• Anonymous British Street Artist

• Street art is related to graffiti, created in public locations and usually unsanctioned

1. Ronald Ventura (1973 - Present)

• A Filipino Artist

• Known for multi-layered paintings which utilizes a board range of imagery

Possible Careers

1. Fine Artist

2. Art Restorer

3. Muralist

4. Comic Book Artist

Current Trends

• Online Galleries

• NFTs

• AI

Lesson 2: Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and any of their related elements. This is one of the only art forms where a license is required to legally practice it.

Common Terms

1. Floorplan

• A scaled drawing showing the top interior view of a structure

1. Elevation

• A scaled flat representation of one side of a structure

1. Perspective

• A form of visual illustration which is used to create the illusion of depth and 3 dimensionality in the space

Architectural Types

1. Domestic Architecture

• Residential structures (ex: houses)

1. Religious Architecture

• Churches/Religious Structures

1. Institutional Architecture

• Government Offices, Hospitals, Schools etc.

1. Recreational Architecture

• Spas, Parks, Hotels, Resorts etc.

1. Commercial Architecture

• Malls

1. Industrial Architecture

• Manufacturing and production structures (ex: factories)

History and Evolution

1. Classical Architecture

• Greek and Roman architecture

• Terms

  • Capital are the topmost part of a column

  • Post and Lintel is a construction method where members of a horizontal foundation (beam/lintel) is supported by a vertical member (post/column)

  • Arches are a curved structural member that is used to span an opening and to support loads from above

1. Medieval Architecture

• Inspired by Roman architecture

• Era of Gothic architecture

• During this era, most Churches would be designed to appear taller to be closer to God

• Terms

  • Rose Wheel Window is a decorated circular window, usually glazed with stained glass

  • Pinnacles are upright architectural members, genderally ending with a small spire which was used especially in gothic architectural structures

  • Gargoyles are stone creatures carved into buildings that serve as very ornate gutters. They were created to ward off evil spirits and warn people about hell

  • Pointed Arches are arches with a pointed top, also known as gothic arch

1. Renaissance Architecture

• Inspired by Classical architecture (Greek & Roman)

• Populated the Barrel Dome

1. Baroque Architecture

• Consists of more elaborate structures

1. Neoclassical Architecture

• Inspired by Classical architecture (Greek & Roman)

1. 20th Century Architecture

• More experimental in comparison to other periods of architecture

• Dictated by the availability and the capability of building materials

History and Evolution in the Philippines

1. Pre-Colonial Architecture

• Indigenous houses

• Bahay Kubo

• Houses were usually elevated to protect from flooding, protect from animals, and provide ventilation

1. Colonial Architecture

• Bahay na Bato

• Inspired by Architecture of Colonizers

1. Modern Architecture

• Structures we see today

• Kailangan nilang sulitin yung badyet

Important Artists

1. Frank Lloyd Wright

• One of the most defining American Architects

• Known for his use of open space planning

• His designs had harmony with their surroundings

1. I.M. Pei

• Chinese-American Modernist Architect

• Known for his use of glass and steel designs

• Did the renovation of the Louvre

1. Leandro Locsin

• Modernist Filipino Architect

• Known for “Floating Concrete” and his use of the brutalist architecture style

• National Artist of Architecture

1. Francisco Morena

• National Artist for Architecture

• Known for designs like the Coconut Palace and the EDSA Shrine

Possible Careers (According to Sir’s PPT)

• Architect

• Interior Designer

• Set Designer

• Building Manager

• Project Manager

• Building Restorer

• Contractor

• Teacher (parang si bossing)

Current Trends

• Green Architecture

• Smart Architecture

• Tiny Houses

• Modular Houses

• 3D Houses

Lesson 3a: Photography

Photography is a method by which we can record an image using light. This light would essentially be “stamped” onto a light sensitive material.

Common Terms

1. Aperture

• The size of the opening of the camera lens

• Controls the amount of light entering the camera

• The larger the number, the smaller the aperture

1. Exposure

• The brightness of image

• Determined by aperture, shutter speed, and ISO

1. ISO

• Sensitivity of the camera to light

• Has to be balanced with aperture and shutter speed to get proper exposure

• The higher the number, the more sensitive

1. Shutter Speed

• How long the camera will take in light

• Measured in fractions of a second

• Anything that moves in that fraction of time becomes blurry

Types of Photography

1. Nature and Wildlife

• The subjects are from nature

1. Portrait

• The subject is a person or a group of people

• The aim is to capture the personality or essence of the subject

1. Technical

• Photos used for research, study, or documentation

• Includes photos used for forensics

1. Commercial

• Subjects are usually products or goods

• Used for advertising

1. Photojournalism and Editorial

• Telling the story of a newsworthy event with photos

• Photos should be candid and true to life

1. Fashion

• Showcases the glamor of clothing and accessories to consumers

1. Still Life

• Subjects are inanimate objects

• May be for artistic or commercial purposes

1. Architectural

• Subjects are buildings and structures

• Often meant to show the most appealing parts of both the exterior and interior

1. Fine Art or Multimedia

• Photos taken purely for their aesthetic or imaginative qualities

1. Action and Sports

• Subjects are doing active or sporty activities (malay ko nakasabi na sa pangalan eh)

1. Wedding

• To document the couple’s most important day, the wedding

History and Evolution

1. Camera Obscura

• Took advantage of a natural phenomenon where light passing through a tiny hole would create an inverted image on a surface opposite to the hole

1. First Photo

• “View from the Window at Le Gras” taken by Joseph Nicephore Niepce

• Took 8 hours

1. Daguerreotype

• Invented by Louis Daguerre

• Chemical process that allowed images to fixed onto silver plated copper

• Took 20 to 30 minutes to shoot

1. KODAK Brownie

• Was the 1st Commercially Available Camera

History and Evolution in the Philippines

1. Colonial Period

• Was brought by Spaniards and Tourists

• Foreigners established photo studios in the 1860s

• Felix Laureano was the first Filipino to record Philippine life with photos

1. 21st Century

• Cell phone Cameras and the Internet made photography more accessible

Important Artists

1. Ansel Adams

• Specialized in Black and White Photography

• Pioneer of Modern Nature Photography known for his photos of rural landscapes

• Environmental Activist

1. Jay Tablante

• A Filipino Cosplay Photographer

• His photos blur the line between illustration and photography

1. BJ Pascual

• In-demand photographer in the Philippines

• Social Media Personality

• In Magazine Covers

1. Jaja Samaniego

• Manila Based Wedding Photographer

• Works part time in DLSU

• Photographer for Metro Weddings and Wedding Essentials

Possible Careers

1. Photojournalist

2. Fine Art Photographer

3. Commercial Photographer

4. Portrait Photographer

5. Freelancer

Current Trends

• Virtual Reality

• Wireless Connections

• Vintage Aesthetic

• AI Assisted Photo Editing

• End of DSLR

Basic Composition Examples

These could apply to both photography and film, but I’ll just put it here :)

1. Rule of Third

• A 3x3 grid guides the composition

• Place the subject by one of the lines

1. Framing

• Photo within a Photo

• Something in the shot “frames” the subject

1. Silhouette

• Only the silhouette or outline of the main subject is seen

• Against the Light

1. Fill the Frame

• Filling the different parts of the shot with points of interest

1. Layering

• Having elements in the foreground, middle ground, and background

Lesson 3b: Film

Film, also known as motion picture or movie, is a series of still photographs projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light.

Common Terms

1. Storyboard

• A series of sketches representing individual shots in a film

• Arranged in chronological sequence of action

• Used as the visual blueprint of the entire film

1. Screenplay

• Consists of written dialogue and instructions for when shots begin and end

• Includes details such as camera angles, lighting and sound information

1. Mise-En-Scene

• Represents everything that you see that sets the mood of the shot

• Includes the look of the set design, lighting and even the actors

1. Depth of Field

• Refers to how much of the image is visibly in focus

• Shallow depth of field means that a small piece around the area of focus will be sharp while the rest will be blurry, larger the depth of field is vice versa

Film Genres

1. Action

2. Adventure

3. Animated

4. Comedy

5. Drama

6. Fantasy

7. Historical

8. Horror

9. Musical

10. Romance

11. Science Fiction

12. Thriller

13. Western

14. Hybrid Genre

History and Evolution

1. Origin

• Because of a bet regarding the galloping of a horse, Eadweard Muybridge was hired capture the horse’s motion using several cameras that all took photos in quick succession

1. Kinetoscope

• This is a contraption in which a strip of film would quickly go in between a lens and an electric light bulb as a viewer peered through a small hole

• Only one viewer at a time could watch

History and Evolution in the Philippines

1. First Four Films in the Philippines

• Exhibited by a Spaniard named Pertierra in January 1, 1897

  • Uh Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat)

  • Une scène de danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance)

  • Les Boxers (The Boxers)

  • La Place de L’Opera (The Place L’ Opera)

1. First Movie Shot in the Philippines

• Shot by Antonio Ramos in 1898

• Panorama de Manila (Manila landscapes)

• Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta)

• Puwente de Espana (Bridge of Spain)

• Escenas Callejeras (Street Scenes)

1. First Story Film made in the Philippines

• Rose of the Philippines by Carl Laemmmele in 1990

1. First Film with Sound

• Punyal na Ginto (Golden Dagger) by Jose Nepomuceno on March 9, 1933

Important Artists

1. Steven Speilberg

• Grounds the spectacle of his movies with relatable stories and elements

1. Akira Kurosawa

• Known for jidaigeki (period drama)

• His film Seven Samurai (1954) is widely credited with the invention of the modern action movie,

1. Lino Brocka

• Philippine filmmaker who's socially conscious films highlighted the marginalized and ignored sectors of Filipino society

  • Manila: In The Claws of Darkness (1976)

  • Jaguar (1980)

  • Bayan Ko (My Country, 1984)

Careers in Film

1. Director

2. Producer

3. Special Effects

4. Artists

5. Cinematographer

6. Broadcaster

7. Presenter

Current Trends

1. CGI + Practical

2. Effects

3. Online

4. Streaming

5. Diversity

6. Found footage/handheld shots

Lesson 4: Graphic Design

Graphic design is the art and science of selecting and arranging visual elements to convey a certain message. It is also known as “visual communication.”

Common Terms

• Typography - The style of text including font size, font choice, color, etc.

• Kerning - The spacing between 2 letters in a design

• Tracking - The spacing between a whole block of letters in a design

• Leading - The spacing between lines of type (pronounced “”ledding”)

• Hierarchy - The visual importance of different elements in a design

• Resolution - The clarity of an image; measured in DPI (dots per inch) or PPI (points per inch)

• Logo - The symbol for a brand or organization

Types of Graphic Design

• Packaging Design - Deals with how a products packaging looks like

• Branding Design - Deals with the visual identity of a brand and must reflect the brand’s personality

• UI Design - Deals with the aesthetic design of digital software and UI (user interface)

• Print and Publishing Design - Deals with published media such as billboards, print media, and posters

• Environmental Design - Deals with the graphical design of an area or space; includes signs, maps, etc.

• Motion Graphics Design - Deals with designs that have movement

History and Evolution

1. Cave Paintings

2. Cuneiform

3. Hieroglyphs

4. 1st Printing Press in China by Bi Sheng (1040)

5. Movable Type by Johannes Gutenberg (1439)

6. Lithography / Chromolithography (Industrial Revolution)

7. Digital Age (1984 via Macintosh)

8. Photoshop (1990)

History and Evolution in the Philippines

1. Angono Petroglyph

• First Carvings in Philippines; Found in Angono, Rizal

1. Laguna Copperplate

• Oldest Known Writing in the Philippines; A Receipt

1. Doctrina Christiana Lengua Espanola y Tagla (1593)

• 1st Book Printed in the Philippines; 1st Book Printed in a Philippine Language

1. Colonial Influence

• Graphic Designs were used for Advertising and Marketing

Important Artists

1. Alphonse Mucha

• Czech Artist

• Known for Art Nouveau and Islamic Patterns

1. Paul Rand

• Father of Modern Graphic Design

• Most Influential Designer of the 20th Century

• Wrote the book “Thoughts on Design”

1. Jann Pascua

• Art Director of Vogue Philippines

• Also a Fashion Designer

1. Carlo Vergara

• Graphic Designer, Illustrator, Playwright, and Theatre Performer

• Known for his Darna parody character “Zsazsa Zaturnnah”

Characteristics of a Good Logo

• Simple - Quick to Remember and Recall

• Memorable - Connects with Consumers

• Versatile - Can be turned into a lot of different forms

• Timeless - Can stand the test of time

• Relevant - Has to Communicate the Brand

Lesson 5: Fashion Design

Fashion Design is the art and science dedicated to the creation of clothing and any related lifestyle accessories. It aims to balance function and aesthetic beauty. It is also influenced by a lot of different factors like socioeconomics, gender, age, region, etc.

Types of Fashion Design

1. Haute Couture (High Fashion)

• Clothes specially made to fit the client or customer exactly

1. Ready to Wear (Pret-a-Porter)

• Has standardized sizes

• Manufactured in factories with automated processes

• Lower production costs

• Most haute couture houses have RTW collections

• Includes Fast Fashion

  • Business model involving the creation of quick and cheap clothing to follow trends

  • Increases waste production

History and Evolution

This section is split into sections covering the somewhat overlapping history of fashion, ready to wear, and haute couture respectively.

History of Fashion

1. Origin

• When our ancestors first wore clothes, fashion was born

1. 1800s

• Before RTW, stores would sell patterns, the basic pieces of cut cloth

• Seamstresses or someone in the house, generally the mother, would have to stitch it together

• Early fashion trends were dictated by royalty and those in power

History of Ready to Wear

• Started when US Military had to mass produce uniforms in WW1

• The sewing machine was made by Barthelemy Thimonnier

  • This resulted in 200 sewers deciding to destroy it in protest

• RTW went on to continue after the war and up until the modern day

History of Haute Couture

• Charles Frederick Worth pioneered the following:

  • Using In-House Models

  • Showcasing collections in advance for clients to order

  • Putting labels on his clothes

History and Evolution in the Philippines

1. Pre-Colonial

• Due to the hot climate, our ancestors barely wore any clothing

• Basically half-naked

1. Colonial

• The colonizers influenced us to wear much more clothing

• Baro’t Saya, Maria Clara, and Barong Tagalog during the Spanish Occupation

• Americana and Maria Clara with Butterfly Sleeves during the American Occupation

1. Modern

• Heavily influenced by western fashion with some Filipino influences

• Trends dictated by influencers

Important Artists

1. Charles Frederick Worth

• English fashion designer that founded the House of Worth, the leading fashion house of the 19th and early 20th centuries

• Father of Haute Couture

• First to Sew Labels onto clothing

• Used real models

1. Coco Chanel

• French fashion designer and businesswoman

• Founder of Chanel brand

• Made fashion more “girl friendly” by introducing a more relaxed style

• Created the “little black dress”

1. Pitoy Moreno

• Filipino Fashion Designer known as the “Fashion Czar of Asia”

• Advocate for Maria Clara Gown and modernized the Baro’t Saya

• Known for being the official fashion designer for Imelda Marcos

1. Michael Cinco

• Dubai based Filipino fashion designer

• Inspired by architecture

• Known for making fairy-tale-like gowns with intricate beading

Careers

1. Fashion Designer

2. Retail Buyer/Manager

3. Visual Merchandise

4. Stylist

Lesson 6: Theater

Theater as a Structure

A place where a play is performed. When traced back to its Greek origin, Theater translates to “The Seeing Place” or “A Place for Viewing”

Four Types of Theater Stages

1. Proscenium Stage

• The stage is parallel to the audience

1. Trust Stage

• The stage extends to the audience

1. Arena Stage

• The audience surrounds the stage

1. Immersive Stage

• The stage surrounds the audience

Theater as an Art Form

Deliberate performances created by live actors intended for a live audience typically making use of a scripted language

Genres of Plays

1. Bourgeois Tragedy

• Middle class melodrama

1. Burlesque

• Sexualized dance

1. Comedy

• Positive and happy endings

1. Farce

• Irrelevant and often makes fun of people in power

1. Immersive Theater

• The audience is part of the performance

1. Melodrama

• Heavy dramatization and over the top acting

1. Mime

• A silent, wordless play

1. Morality Play

• Plays about good conduct and Christian Morals

1. Musical

• Plays with song and dance numbers

1. Passion Play

• Plays that retell biblical events and stories

1. Monologue

• A play performed by only one actor

1. Opera

• Plays that are performed through song

1. Sitcom

• Light hearted plays that are humorous

1. Skit

• A short play where the entire story takes place in one scene

1. Spectacle

• Over the top production (costumes, set, staging, etc.)

1. Absurd

• Plays that do not follow a typical plot structure to portray the uncertainty and irrationality of real life

1. Tragedy

• A play that ends with the death and/or loss of the protagonist

1. Vaudeville

• Plays that include more than one performance/genres

History and Evolution

1. Origin

• Evolved from rituals

• Each place developed their own version of theatrical arts

1. Greek Theater (384-322 BCE)

• Started for ritualistic performances

• Two Muses

  • Comedy (Thalia) & Tragedy (Melpomane)

• 3 Genres of Greek drama

  • Comedy is a humorous light drama

  • Tragedy is where the main character often dies

  • Satyr is a combination of both comedy and tragedy

1. Iranian Theater

• Naqqali is one of the oldest forms of theater in Iran and was performed in coffee shops

• Pardeh Khani uses an illustrated scene to tell a story

• Kheimeh Shab Bazi a form of puppet theater

1. Roman Theater

• Deprived from Greek Theater but bigger and more pompous

1. Sanskrit Theater (1500 BCE - 1100 AD)

• Based on Indian Literature

1. Peking Theater (1700 AD)

• Chinese Opera featuring heavily made up actors and actresses

1. Japanese Theater

• Kabuki Japanese dance-drama is known for its heavily-stylised performances, glamorous costumes and the elaborate kumadori makeup worn by the performers

1. English Theater

• As it was perceived as sinful, theater forms were banned during the Puritan Period (1642-1660) with the exception of Pageant Plays since they were based on biblical text and stories

• These plays were done on carriages and movable stages

• The ban was lifted under the rule of Charles II during the Restoration Period

• Morality Plays were plays that centers on moral lessons and good conduct

• As theater grew to become more of a lucrative business, Secular plays were developed

• An example of Secular Plays were the ones written by Shakespear during this era

• West End Theater located in London is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theater in the english-speaking world

• It is a common tourist activity in London

1. American Theater

• Broadway is home to the world’s biggest theater companies and in the most well-known theater district in the west

• Started around 1750 with the first company established by Walter Murray and Thomas Kean

Important Artists

1. William Shakespeare

• An English playwright, poet and actor

• Known as one of the greatest writers of the English language and considered as the world’s greatest dramatist

• His plays are still studied and interpreted to this day

1. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin

• His stage name was Moliere

• A French playwright, poet and actor

• Known as one the of the greatest writers in the French language

• The French language is often referred to as the Language of Moliere

1. Oscar Wilde

• Irish poet and dramatist

• One of the first openly queer artists in theater (even when it was still considered “illegal”)

• He was the object of celebrated civil and criminal suits involving homosexuality which led to his imprisonment

• He was a spokesman for the late 19th-century aesthetic movement in England

1. Antoinette Perry

• Co-founder, former chairwoman, and former secretary of the American Theater Wing (ATW) which provided entertainment to servicemen in several American cities

• After her passing, ATW created a series of awards to be given in her honor, which is called the Antoinette Perry Awards started in 1947

• Antoinette Perry Awards are commonly known as the Tony Awards

1. Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama

• Honored as the Queen of Kundiman in 1979

• She was the very first actress in the very first locally produced film and essayed the same role in the sarsuela’s film version

Possible Careers

1. Producer

2. Directos

3. Playwright

4. Scenic Designer

5. Lighting Designer

6. Costume Designer

7. Set Designer

8. Sound Designer

9. Composer

10. Music Director

11. Choreographer

12. Fight Director

13. Intimacy Coordinator

Current Trends

1. Hybrid Models

• Several shows are now available in two versions, traditional, in-person theater and recorded, digital theater

1. Diversity and Inclusion

• A push for inclusivity in the portrayal of different identities’ lived experiences

• Ex: Hamilton

1. Cross Overs

• To gather more audience and attention, television or movie actors would be tapped to play leading roles in a play