I&I Week 8 Leukocytes and inflammation

Here are 75 question/answer flashcards based on the provided source.

1. Question: What are the three methods of counting leukocytes? 

2. Answer: Impedance, Optical, and Manual.

3. Question: What is the principle of leukocyte counting for the impedance method?

   1.  Answer: Each nucleus of the leukocyte impedes electron flow and is counted.

4. Question: What is the principle of leukocyte counting for the optical method? 

   1. Answer: Each whole cell intersects a laser beam, and light scatter defines their size, granularity, and nuclear shape.

5. Question: What is the principle of leukocyte counting for the manual method? 

   1. Answer: 100-leukocyte subsets stained on a blood film are counted using a microscope and cell counter.

6. Question: Which leukocyte counting method provides the most accurate blood leukocyte subset concentrations?

   1.  Answer: Manual.

7. Question: Name a positive acute phase protein that increases in concentration in the blood less than 2 days after inflammation. 

   1. Answer: Fibrinogen.

8. Question: Name another positive acute phase protein that increases in concentration in the blood less than 2 days after inflammation. 

   1. Answer: Haptoglobin.

9. Question: Name a negative acute phase protein that decreases in concentration in the blood less than 2 days after inflammation. 

   1. Answer: Transferrin.

10. Question: Name another negative acute phase protein that decreases in concentration in the blood less than 2 days after inflammation. 

    1. Answer: Albumin.

11. Question: What type of proteins increases in concentration after 1-3 weeks of inflammation? 

    1. Answer: Immunoglobulins.

12. Question: What analytical method detects acute phase proteins? 

    1. Answer: Copper dye.

13. Question: What analytical method detects delayed phase proteins? 

    1. Answer: Copper dye and Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE).

14. Question: What analytical method is used for Serum ALB (Albumin)? 

    1. Answer: BCG dye.

15. Question: How are Serum GLB (Globulins) measured? 

    1. Answer: Subtraction (TP – Alb).

16. Question: What analytical method is used for Albumin and globulin fractions (α1, α2, β1, β2, γ)? 

    1. Answer: Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE).

17. Question: What analytical method is used for Plasma TP? 

    1. Answer: Refractometry.

18. Question: What terminology is used when TP is above the reference interval? 

    1. Answer: Hyperproteinemia.

19. Question: What terminology is used when ALB is below the reference interval? 

    1. Answer: Hypoalbuminemia.

20. Question: What terminology is used when GLB is above the reference interval? 

    1. Answer: Hyperglobulinemia.

21. Question: What terminology is used when Plasma TP is above the reference interval? 

    1. Answer: Hyperproteinemia.

22. Question: What terminology is used when Fibrinogen is above the reference interval? 

    1. Answer: Hyperfibrinogenemia.

23. Question: What does the Widow Maker's serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) represent? 

    1. Answer: Inflammation (polyclonal gammopathy).

24. Question: What causes the increase in positive acute phase proteins? 

    1. Answer: Production by the liver increases by cytokines.

25. Question: What causes the decrease in negative acute phase proteins? 

    1. Answer: Production by the liver decreases by cytokines.

26. Question: What causes the increase in delayed phase proteins? 

    1. Answer: Production in lymphocytes in lymph nodes increased by cytokines.

27. Question: What is seen on SPE pattern for B-lymphocyte neoplasia? 

    1. Answer: A narrow-based peak in the gamma fraction indicating B-cell neoplasia and production of immunoglobulins by B-cell clones (lymphoma).

28. Question: What are the learning outcomes for leukocyte patterns in inflammation? 

    1. Answer: Identify leukocytosis, differentiate acute and chronic inflammatory leukograms from cortisol (stress) and catecholamine leukogram patterns, and identify a leukopenia pattern induced by inflammation.

29. Question: What abnormalities should you recognize in the leukogram? 

    1. Answer: Leukocytosis patterns.

30. Question: What is a left shift? 

    1. Answer: Increase in Band neutrophils (non-segmented neutrophils).

31. Question: Why is it called a left shift? 

    1. Answer: Because band or stab neutrophils are left of segmented neutrophils on a manual counter.

32. Question: What does an increase in WBC indicate? 

    1. Answer: Leukocytosis.

33. Question: What does an increase in Segs indicate? 

    1. Answer: Neutrophilia.

34. Question: How long do neutrophils typically stay in the blood in healthy animals? 

    1. Answer: Approximately 8 hours.

35. Question: How long do neutrophils stay in the blood during inflammation? 

    1. Answer: Less than 8 hours.

36. Question: How long does it take to make a new supply of neutrophils during inflammation? 

    1. Answer: Five days or sooner.

37. Question: What are the classifications of a left shift? 

    1. Answer: Regenerative and Degenerative.

38. Question: What are the characteristics of a regenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: Leukocytosis due to neutrophilia with an increase in bands, and [segs] > [bands].

39. Question: What are the characteristics of a degenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: [bands] > [segs], usually decreased [WBC] or leukopenia, but WBC may be within the reference interval.

40. Question: What is the clinical significance of a degenerative left shift in cats? 

    1. Answer: Cats with a degenerative left shift are 1.5 times more at risk to be euthanized in the hospital.

41. Question: What is the clinical significance of a degenerative left shift in dogs? 

    1. Answer: Dogs with a degenerative left shift are 1.9 times more at risk to be euthanized in the hospital.

42. Question: What is important to remember about Bands? 

    1. Answer: Bands are immature and less functional, and in a degenerative left shift, Bands > Segs.

43. Question: What is the best interpretation of leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and regenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: Segs > bands.

44. Question: What is the hallmark of an acute inflammatory reaction? 

    1. Answer: Left shift.

45. Question: What characterizes a regenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: Adequate response to inflammatory disorder ([Segs > Bands]).

46. Question: What is the role of cytokines in a regenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: Cytokines cause the need for segs in inflamed tissues, and the marrow responds by releasing segs cells from the SNP.

47. Question: Where do segs cells and bands cells release from during a regenerative left shift?

    1.  Answer: Segs cells release from SNP and bands cells release from maturation pool.

48. Question: What stimulates the release of cytokines from tissue macrophages?

    1. Answer: Bacteria.

49. Question: What does inflammatory disorder mean in terms of time? 

    1. Answer: Acute = hours to days.

50. Question: What are the causes of inflammatory disorder? 

    1. Answer: Infectious (bacterial, other) and noninfectious (necrosis, immune).

51. Question: What stimulates the release of neutrophils from the SNP of bone marrow? 

    1. Answer: Cytokines.

52. Question: What stimulates the release of bands from the MatNP of bone marrow? 

    1. Answer: Cytokines.

53. Question: What are toxic neutrophils associated with? 

    1. Answer: Severe inflammatory disease.

54. Question: What are common causes of toxic neutrophils? 

    1. Answer: Commonly bacterial infections (i.e., endotoxemia) and noninfectious inflammatory disorders.

55. Question: What is the pathogenesis of lymphopenia in an acute inflammatory leukogram? 

    1. Answer: Cytokines from inflammatory site increase migration to inflamed tissues and "homing" to lymph nodes, decreasing efflux of lymphocytes from LN due to antigenic stimulation in LN.

56. Question: What should you expect to see concurrently with lymphopenia? 

    1. Answer: Neutrophilia with a left shift.

57. Question: How does cortisol affect adhesion molecules on blood vessels? (Not from the sources, verify independently.) 

    1. Answer: Cortisol decreases expression of adhesion molecules on blood vessels.

58. Question: Where do lymphocytes go in a cortisol stress leukogram? 

    1. Answer: From blood to bone marrow.

59. Question: What are the causes of chronic inflammatory neutrophilia? 

    1. Answer: Established, persistent inflammation.

60. Question: What do macrophages and lymphocytes release in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia? 

    1. Answer: Cytokines.

61. Question: What do cytokines stimulate in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia? 

    1. Answer: Production of neutrophils.

62. Question: What characterizes chronic inflammatory neutrophilia? 

    1. Answer: Mostly mature neutrophils.

63. Question: What is the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lymphocytosis? 

    1. Answer: Chronic antigenic or cytokine stimulation leads to increased lymphocyte production.

64. Question: What are reactive lymphocytes? 

    1. Answer: Stimulated B-cells or T-cells, usually due to infectious disorders.

65. Question: What are common causes of monocytosis? 

    1. Answer: Acute or chronic inflammation, steroids (stress), or catecholamine (shifting from MP to CP).

66. Question: What are common causes of eosinophilia? 

    1. Answer: Hypersensitivity/Allergic disorders, parasitism (tissue migration of larvae), and hypoadrenocorticism.

67. Question: What are common causes of basophilia? 

    1. Answer: Hypersensitivity/Allergic disorders and parasitism (tissue migration).

68. Question: What does a catecholamine leukogram look like? 

    1. Answer: Chronic inflammatory leukogram.

69. Question: What causes a catecholamine leukogram? 

    1. Answer: Fight or Flight stimulus (excitement, fright, flight, exercise), increased catecholamines, and increased blood flow rate through small vessels.

70. Question: What are the characteristics of a catecholamine leukogram? 

    1. Answer: Neutrophilia without a left shift, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis.

71. Question: What is the clinical significance of a degenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: Inadequate response to inflammatory disorder ([bands] > [segs]).

72. Question: What are possible reasons for a degenerative left shift? 

    1. Answer: Marrow is not keeping up with the demand, severe bacterial infection, poorer prognosis, and cytokines leading to depletion of cells.

73. Question: What does the term acute overwhelming inflammatory mean in terms of time? 

    1. Answer: Hours to days.

74. Question: What stimulates the migration of neutrophils to inflamed tissue in acute overwhelming inflammatory neutropenia? 

    1. Answer: Cytokines.

75. Question: What does cytokines stimulate in acute overwhelming inflammatory neutropenia? 

    1. Answer: Release of bands from Maturation NP.

76. Question: What characterizes an acute overwhelming inflammatory leukogram?

    1.  Answer: Leukopenia, neutropenia with + a degenerative left shift with toxic.