ML

Quiz-flashcards

1. Biodiversity

  • Definition: The variety of all living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form.

  • Types: Species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity.

2. Writing Genus and Species Names

  • Format: Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase. Both are italicized (e.g., Homo sapiens).

3. Dichotomous Keys

  • Definition: A tool used to identify organisms based on a series of choices that lead to the correct name of the item.

  • Usage: Start at the beginning and choose between two contrasting statements at each step.

4. Phylogeny

  • Definition: The evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms.

5. Phylogenetic Trees

  • Definition: Diagrams showing the evolutionary relationships among different species.

  • Reading: Branches represent common ancestors; closer branches indicate closer relationships.

6. Clades vs. Nodes

  • Clades: A group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants.

  • Nodes: Points on a phylogenetic tree where a common ancestor splits into two or more descendants.

7. Taxonomy

  • Definition: The science of classifying organisms into ordered groups based on similarities.

  • Founder: Carl Linnaeus.

8. Kingdoms

  • Order: Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

9. Bacteria Characteristics

  • Shapes: Coccus (round), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spirillum (spiral).

  • Types: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

  • Comparison with Animal Cells:

    • Eubacteria: Peptidoglycan cell wall, no nucleus.

    • Archaebacteria: No peptidoglycan, live in extreme conditions.

    • Animal Cells: No cell wall, have a nucleus and organelles.

10. Bacteria Metabolism Types

  • Heterotroph: Consumes organic compounds for energy.

  • Autotroph: Produces its own food (e.g., photosynthesis).

  • Chemotroph: Uses chemical compounds for energy.

11. Viruses

  • Composition: Made of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat.

  • Structure: Nucleic acid core, protein capsid, sometimes a lipid envelope.

12. Virus Classification

  • Criteria: Type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), shape, presence of envelope, host range, mode of replication.

13. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

  • Lytic Cycle: Virus injects DNA, replicates, and bursts host cell.

  • Lysogenic Cycle: Virus DNA integrates into host DNA, replicates with host without killing it immediately.

14. RNA vs. DNA Viruses

  • RNA Viruses: Mutate faster, often single-stranded (e.g., influenza).

  • DNA Viruses: Generally stable, double-stranded (e.g., herpes).

15. DNA Insertion by Viruses

Process: Virus injects genetic material, which integrates into the host genome, hijacking the host's machinery for replication.