Comprehensive Anatomy and Physiology Notes

Anatomy

• Cells → Tissues → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Tissues

• Epithelial:

  • Protection

  • Skin: keratin (waterproof)

  • Some are glandular for secretion

• Connective:

  • Bind and support the body.

  • Cells within an inorganic matrix.

  • Examples:

    • Adipose: Fat storage for long-term energy, warmth, and protection.

    • Tendons: Muscle.

    • Bone.

    • Ligaments: Bone to bone.

    • Cartilage

    • Muscle

    • Blood

• Muscle:

  • 3 types:

    • Skeletal

    • Cardiac

    • Smooth

• Nervous:

  • Neurons: Tell the body to do things.

Organ System Groups

• Transport:

  • Cardiovascular System:

    • Heart

    • Blood

    • Blood vessels

  • Lymphatic System:

    • Move liquid lymph around.

• Immune System:

  • Fight off things.

  • Can move through the cardiovascular or lymphatic system.

• Maintenance:

  • Must add or remove something from the blood.

  • Respiratory System

  • Digestive System

  • Urinary System

Sensory Input and Motor Output

• Integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems.

• Integumentary System:

  • Sensory organs

  • Sight: eye

    • Function

      • Pupil, lens, iris constrict and optic nerve

      • Ciliates pious humor.

  • Hearing and Balance:

    • Outer ear

    • Middle ear

    • Semicircular canals

    • Vestibular nerve

    • Cochlear nerve

    • Cochlea

    • Eustachian tube

  • Taste:

    • Sweet: Glucose (energy)

    • Sour

    • Salty: Electrolyte

    • Bitter: Bad toxic things

    • Umami: Savory amino acids

  • Touch:

    • Hands feel pressure

  • Smell:

    • Olfactory receptors closely linked to memories or digestive system

  • Temperature:

    • Compares temp to your own temp

  • Proprioception:

    • Sense of knowing where you are

    • Can close eyes and walk

  • Nociceptors:

    • Pain receptors

    • Have a threshold of when something hurts you

• Control:

  • Nervous System

  • Endocrine System

• Reproduction:

  • Reproductive System

• Urinary System

  • Right kidney, left kidney

    • Remove waste

    • Regulate H_2O

    • Regulate salts

  • Renal medulla: Where urine is produced.

  • Renal pelvis

  • Ureter

  • Urinary bladder

Digestive System

• Mastication: Physical breakdown of food.

  • Teeth and tongue.

  • Salivary amylase: Breakdown of starch into glucose.

• Pharynx

• Liver: Produces bile, breaks down fat.

• Epiglottis

• Esophagus

• Gallbladder: Secretes excess bile.

• Pancreas: Produces and secretes pancreatic juice to aid in digestion; neutralizes.

• Stomach

  • Site acid that breaks down everything.

• Duodenum

• Enzyme breaks down proteins

• Ascending colon

• Transverse colon

• Descending colon

• Rectal sigmoid colon

• Appendix

• Anus

• Organs where food doesn't pass through, just beside duodenum.

• Bolus food mass

• Peristalsis: Smooth muscle movement of food.

• Chyme: Thick food paste, food broken down

Respiratory System

• Adds oxygen to blood.

• Regulates pH of blood.

• Removes carbon dioxide from blood.

• Nose

• Trachea: Tube held open by C-shaped rings of cartilage.

• Bronchioles

• Left lung and diaphragm.

• O2 and CO2 in blood.

• Alveoli

• Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

• Inspiration: The act of breathing in.

• Expiration: The act of breathing out.

  • Diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity decreases in volume, air gets pushed out.

Control Systems

• Nervous System:

  • Central

  • Peripheral

    • Sympathetic division: In charge of fight or flight.

    • Parasympathetic division: Relaxed state.

Endocrine System

• Produces hormones.

• Pancreas: Insulin and glucagon.

• Ovaries and testes

Reproductive System

• Seminal vesicles (male): Supply nutrients for sperm

• Prostate gland: Secrete activator for sperm

• Penis

• Urethra

• Vas deferens: Transports sperm

• Testes

• Epididymis

• Scrotal sac: Holds testes, cooler for more efficient sperm production

• Female:

  • Fallopian tubes

  • Endometrium

  • Ovaries

  • Uterus

  • Vagina

Cardiovascular System

• Thinner walls, receives blood.

• Muscular, pushes blood out.

• Blood has:

  • O_2

  • Nutrients

  • Protects against disease

  • CO_2

  • Waste

  • H_2O

• Artery: Thick muscular vessel, takes blood away from the heart.

• Vein: Takes blood to the heart, low pressure, has valves.