Paper 1 Sociologists List Paper 1 is on Chapter 1 and 2: May 8th at 12:45 Ch. 1 Socialization

1. Anderson: imagined communities–social construction of reality and community–you feel something in common with other Americans, but you will never meet the vast majority of them, so society is a mental construct based around geographic borders, customs, government, and an imagined sense of belonging

2. Merton: Norms: expected patterns of behavior when playing a particular role–without order and predictability, behavior becomes risky and confusing; anger, fear, or negative emotions one has when they fail to understand norms is called anomie

3. Mead: “I and the Me”--creation of social identity; there are two parts to every person, you instinctual self (the I) and the social self (the Me). Depending on the situation, your will behave differently depending on who is around you [[The I and the Mead]]

4. Goffman: We are all social actors; we put on a show for those around us and ‘manage impressions’ we think they will like

5. Cooley: ‘Looking-Glass Self’ and creation of social identity–your vision of yourself is reflected back at you depending on what you read in the face of others–in other words, what you think other people think of you affects how you see yourself [[When you touch a mirror, it is Cool-ey]]

6. Althusser: Leading Marxist, ideological state apparatus; control and oppression of the ruling class onto the rest of society

7. Connell: Gender theorist; you are not born a man or a women, you become a man or a woman through primary socialization–gender constructions are just another type of social construction

8. Peele: identities are becoming blurred and mixed, hybrid identities; blurring of class distinctions–[[there has been a Peele-ing back of class identity]]

Ch. 2 Methods of Research 9. Mayo: discovered the Hawthorne effect during a field experiment in a factory–found that when the workers knew he was watching, they worked faster (during overt observation) but when they thought he was not watching, they worked slower (during covert observation)--significance: the type of observation a researcher uses, changes the behavior of the subjects and can affect reliability [[imagine that they were working in a Mayo factory]] 10. Venkatesh: field experiment, overt participant observation; the gang members knew he was a researcher and he actively participated in behaviors and became ‘Gang Leader for a Day’--Venkatesh is an Interpretivist and his study highlights the dangers of entering certain groups as well as the Hawthorne Effect because he was worried at times that the members changed their behavior because he was watching11. Weber: Created the idea of Verstehen, meaning you can only understand by experiencing something from someone’s point of view–this is a core belief of Interpretivism 12. Goffman: studied a mental institution in the US and his study highlighted issues with covert participant observation such as getting into the group, staying in the group, and getting out of the group–closed groups deny entry, danger, issues with fitting in, cannot be replicated, 13. Merton: Scientific ethos; there must be ethical codes to govern research in order to maintain scientific status: including universal, communal, disinterested, sceptical 14. Bandura: Bobo Doll experiment; lab experiment, good example to discuss limitations of lab experiments in general15. Garfinkel: Ethnomethodological breaching experiments in the restaurant–covert non-participant observation, broke norms and watched anomie [[Garfield the cat likes lasagna, which you can get in a restaurant]]