summary

Negative Impacts of Industrialization

- Industrialization's consequences are presented with a negative connotation, similar to a child's punishment for misbehavior.

- Negative effects included overcrowded cities, pollution, poverty, increased crime, and a widening gap between the rich and poor.

- The impact of industrialization extended beyond factory cities, affecting the entire world.

Industrialization's Impact on Imperialism

- Industrialization increased the demand for resources, food, and markets.

- Imperialism, the extension of rule over foreign territories, emerged as a result.

- Imperial control was achieved through various methods, including direct rule, indirect influence, and economic dominance.

Imperialism's Economic Drivers

- Five major reasons for imperialism are explored, with the primary driver being economic gain.

- The focus is on the acquisition of raw materials such as rubber and palm oil for profit maximization.

- A new wave of imperialism between 1750 and 1900 is introduced, driven by new ideologies.

Rise of Maritime Empires and Enlightenment Ideologies

- Western European states established maritime empires focused on Indian Ocean trade and American colonization.

- The Enlightenment influenced the development of new ideologies.

- Four major ideologies emerged, partly due to the Industrial Revolution.

Imperialism's Nationalist Roots

- Examination of readily available learning resources, including video tutorials and practice tests.

- Nationalism as a driving force behind the second wave of imperialism is discussed.

- Nationalism is defined by shared language, religion, social customs, and the pursuit of self-governance within a specific region.

Shifting Loyalties: From Sovereign to Nation

- A significant change occurred as global understanding of identity shifted from allegiance to a sovereign ruler to identification with a nation.

- The Enlightenment, coupled with industrialization, fostered a rise in nationalism, influencing historical events.

- Nationalism fueled the unification of Italy and Germany, and significantly impacted imperial endeavors.

Imperialism's Ideological Roots

- A connection exists between nationalism's positive aspects and its negative implications of superiority.

- The belief that Western societies' success proves their superiority is discussed.

- The 'civilizing mission' ideology, justifying the spread of Western civilization, is highlighted.

Imperialism's Second Wave: A Cultural Restructuring

- Belief in superior civilization led to a sense of duty towards colonized populations.

- Missionaries spread Christianity and Western education systems were imposed.

- Indigenous languages and cultures were suppressed in favor of Western models.

Second Wave Imperialism: Expansion Methods

- The text introduces the concept of a 'second wave of imperialism'.

- It focuses on comparing various methods of imperial expansion.

- The goal is to analyze how states expanded during this period.

Shifting Focus of Imperial Expansion

- From 1450 to 1750, European imperial expansion concentrated on the Americas and parts of Asia.

- Between 1750 and 1900, the focus shifted significantly towards Africa and Asia.

- The earlier period saw the establishment of coastal trading posts in Africa, primarily for resource acquisition and enslaved labor.

Shifting Global Power Dynamics

- Spain and Portugal's decline in colonial control is observed.

- Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands maintain significant influence.

- New global powers emerge, including Germany, Italy, Belgium, the United States, and Japan.

Imperial Expansion: State Takeovers of Private Colonies

- The video discusses the first method of imperial expansion: state takeovers of private colonies.

- Some colonies were controlled by individuals or businesses, not governments; the Belgian Congo is cited as an example.

- Belgium's decision to avoid early colonial expansion due to its recent independence is mentioned.

Leopold's Congo Exploitation

- Leopold II aimed to control the Congo Free State.

- His stated goals were Christian conversion and Western education.

- The true motive was the brutal exploitation of resources, primarily rubber, leading to immense loss of life.

Imperial State Expansion Methods

- Public outrage followed the discovery of Congo's private control issues, leading to Belgian government takeover in 1908.

- Similar transitions from private (e.g., Dutch East India Company, British East India Company) to state control occurred in Indonesia and India.

- Diplomacy and warfare were key methods for state expansion in Africa, with diplomacy being a significant factor.

Diplomacy and the Scramble for Africa

- Diplomacy is defined as achieving political agreements through negotiation, not war.

- The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) exemplifies this, addressing competition for African territory.

- European powers' competition for African land fueled Imperialism; possessing vast territories was key to Great Power status.

The Berlin Conference: A Scramble for Africa

- The Berlin Conference was convened by Otto von Bismarck to address the competition over Africa among European powers.

- The conference resulted in the partitioning of almost the entire African continent into European colonial holdings.

- No African leaders were invited, leading to the creation of arbitrary borders that disregarded existing ethnic groups and created new rivalries.

French Conquest of Algeria: A 19th Century Conflict

- France's significant debt to Algeria for wheat supplies created tension.

- A diplomatic incident involving a French diplomat and the Algerian ruler escalated the conflict.

- France responded by invading Algiers with 35,000 troops, initiating a period of expansion into North Africa.

19th Century French Expansion in Africa

- French expansion into Africa faced resistance from Muslim rulers in Algeria during the 19th century.

- Despite resistance, France successfully expanded its power through warfare.

- The establishment of settler colonies was another method used for expanding state power during this period.

Imperial Expansion and Colonial Settlement

- Imperial powers often seized already populated lands.

- Colonies were established, as exemplified by British settlements in North America and the South Pacific.

- These actions led to the displacement and decimation of indigenous populations due to disease and colonization.

Expansionist State Power: Conquest and Territorial Growth

- One method of expanding state power involved conquering neighboring territories.

- This included overseas expansion to exploit and harm populations.

- The United States is cited as an example of a state pursuing westward expansion.

Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny

- The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and subsequent conflicts fueled westward expansion.

- Manifest Destiny, a belief in divinely ordained territorial expansion, drove this movement.

- This expansion led to the displacement of indigenous populations and their forced relocation to reserves.

Assimilation Policies and Pan-Slavism

- Forcible assimilation policies were implemented, particularly targeting children through American-style boarding schools.

- Russia, following its Crimean War defeat, adopted Pan-Slavism.

- Pan-Slavism aimed to unite Slavic peoples under Russian rule, encompassing those under Ottoman and Austrian control.

19th Century Territorial Expansion in Asia

- Several nations engaged in significant territorial expansion during the 1860s.

- One example involved the establishment of a trading post on the Pacific coast.

- Expansion included areas such as the steppes of Kazakh nomads and regions of Uzbekistan.

Japan's Meiji Restoration and Imperial Expansion

- Rapid industrialization during Japan's Meiji Restoration led to extensive railroad development and military modernization.

- This modernization enabled Japan to expand its influence over Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China.

- The expansion was a result of Japan emulating other industrialized nations by building an empire.

Anti-Colonial Resistance: Causes and Context

- The text discusses the second wave of imperialism and the resistance it faced.

- It highlights that colonial intrusion was met with opposition due to the forceful takeover of resources and political control.

- Two key causes of anti-colonial resistance are identified: increasing questions about political authority and the forceful actions of imperial powers.

Imperialism's Civilizing Mission

- European powers used pseudoscientific methods to justify their racial hierarchy.

- A belief in a 'civilizing mission' led to the introduction of Western-style education in colonies.

- This 'mission' was a key aspect of imperialism during a specific period.

Enlightenment's Impact on Colonial Resistance

- Enlightenment ideals, such as popular sovereignty, influenced Western education and fueled questioning of imperial rule in colonial territories.

- The legitimacy of imperial power was challenged by those educated under this system.

- Nationalism also contributed significantly to resistance against foreign domination.

Nationalism and Colonial Resistance

- Nationalism motivated industrial states' imperialism.

- Imperial actions conversely spurred nationalism in colonized populations.

- Direct armed resistance against imperial powers was a common response.

The Yasante War and the Crystal Palace Enigma

- The text discusses the Yasante War in West Africa during the first half of the 19th century, highlighting Great Britain's involvement.

- It contrasts this with the 1857 Indian Rebellion and Tupac Amaru rebellion in Peru, mentioning a focus on only one rebellion for study.

- The text also presents a curious question about a large tree's presence within Great Britain's Crystal Palace in 1851.

The Industrial Revolution: A Technological Shift

- The Industrial Revolution, spanning 1815-1914, marked a fundamental shift in production.

- This transition involved a change from manual to machine-based manufacturing of goods.

- The impact extended far beyond manufacturing, influencing social, political, and economic systems globally.

Britain's Industrial Revolution: Seven Key Factors

- The agricultural revolution increased food supply, leading to more disposable income for manufactured goods.

- Abundant capital and successful entrepreneurs from the cottage industry fueled investment in new manufacturing.

- A well-designed central bank provided capital to entrepreneurs for expansion.

British Industrial Revolution: Private Investment and Policy

- England's rejection of absolutism fostered an environment conducive to economic innovation.

- Private investors, not the government, were the primary drivers of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.

- Favorable government policies, including the repeal of the Corn Laws, further fueled industrial growth by increasing urban workforce.

Britain's Industrial Revolution: Fueling Growth

- Repeal of trade restrictions initiated a broader push for free trade agreements in Parliament.

- Increased importance of manufacturing due to cheaper export of manufactured goods.

- Abundant coal and iron ore resources, coupled with improved infrastructure, provided the foundation for industrial growth.

Rapid Transportation and Global Trade in Britain's Empire

- High-speed transportation enabled widespread distribution of British goods.

- A vast empire provided pre-existing global markets for manufactured products.

- The economic benefit of the empire was emphasized through the sale of manufactured goods.

Britain's Industrial Revolution Incentives

- Significant incentives for invention fueled Britain's Industrial Revolution.

- The British Royal Society of Arts and the government offered prizes for technological and agricultural innovations.

- These incentives spurred the creation of new technologies crucial to the Industrial Revolution's success.

Britain's Industrial Revolution Showcase

- The spinning Jenny and steam engine significantly accelerated textile production and powered machinery.

- These inventions were pivotal to Britain's industrial dominance.

- The 1851 Great Exhibition celebrated Britain's industrial achievements.

Crystal Palace: A Symbol of Industrial Britain

- The Crystal Palace, a massive structure of steel and glass, showcased Britain's industrial prowess.

- Exhibits from across the British Empire were displayed inside, including a giant indoor tree symbolizing mastery over nature.

- France, aiming to rival Britain's industrial success, sought to adopt industrialization.

France's Industrialization Delay

- French industrialization lagged behind due to limited coal and iron resources.

- Napoleon's initial efforts were hampered by his exile.

- Adoption of British weaving technology boosted cotton and silk industries in the 1830s.

Industrialization's Uneven Pace Across Europe

- France experienced a slower rate of industrialization compared to Britain.

- This resulted in less significant social upheaval in France during this period.

- Southern and Eastern Europe's industrialization lagged, leading to slower adaptation.

The Industrial Revolution marked significant technological advancements, particularly in machinery and manufacturing processes. Key inventions during this period included:

• Steam Engine

  • Invented by James Watt in the late 18th century, the steam engine transformed industry by providing a reliable power source. It used steam pressure to produce mechanical work, powering factories, locomotives, and ships.

  • The development of the steam engine facilitated the shift from manual labor to mechanization, increasing production speed and efficiency.

• Combustion Engine

  • The invention of the internal combustion engine in the 19th century revolutionized transportation. Unlike steam engines, which relied on steam pressure, combustion engines use fuel (such as gasoline or diesel) to create energy through combustion.

  • This technology paved the way for automobiles and airplanes, drastically changing how people traveled and goods were transported.

• Spinning Jenny

  • Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny was a multi-spindle spinning frame that allowed one worker to spin multiple spools of thread simultaneously. This innovation greatly increased textile production.

• .

• Cotton Gin

  • Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the cotton gin mechanized the process of removing seeds from cotton fibers. This invention dramatically increased the efficiency of cotton processing and contributed to the expansion of the cotton industry in America.

  Telegraph

  • Samuel Morse's telegraph technology, developed in the 1830s, revolutionized communication by allowing instantaneous transmission of messages over long distances, greatly impacting business and governance.

These inventions collectively led to increased production capabilities, facilitated trade, and transformed society by enabling urbanization and changing labor dynamics during the Industrial Revolution.

• SPINNING JENNY
  (1) The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves In 1764.
  (2) Previously, loose fibers of wool or cotton were twisted into thread by hand or via the use of a "spinning wheel" (a foot pedal powered simple machine which could make one spool of thread at a time). Most thread and fabric/clothes was produced via the "Cottage Industry model".
  (3) The first Spinning Jenny allowed 8 spools of thread to be made simultaneously, using a hand powered wheel. Later versions of the Spinning Jenny were powered by water mills or steam engines, were deployed In large factories, and could produce up to 120 spools of thread at a time.
  (4) The legacy of the Spinning Jenny was a quantum leap in the production quantity/speed at which thread/fabric could be produced, and a huge drop in the prices for textile goods (clothing, blankets, etc). It would also feed England's "Mercantilism" style economic model.

• COTTON GIN
  (1) The Cotton Gin (short for "Cotton Engine") was invented by American Eli Whitney in 1799.
  (2) Previously, seeds, leaves, and other "debris" had to be removed from the picked cotton by hand before it could be spun into thread. This was a slow and tedious task, and it is estimated that one person could only process/clean about one pound of cotton per day.
  (3) The Cotton Gin was a machine with combs and brushes which could remove the seeds/debris from the cotton fibers. With the Cotton Gin, a person could clean 50 pounds of cotton fibers per day.
  (4) The legacy of the Cotton Gin is that it helped make growing cotton a MUCH more profitable product, which increased demand for cotton products and reduced the prices for cotton sheets/clothing. As cotton became more profitable and the Louisiana Purchase was completed in 1803, explosive growth of cotton plantations occurred in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas….leading to huge growth in the slave population in those states. So, there is at least an "indirect connection" between the invention of the Cotton Gin and the Civil War.

• TELEGRAPH
  (1) The Telegraph was invented independently by both Englishman William Cooke and American Samuel Morse in 1837 (but Samuel Morse is considered the "Father of Telegraphy" because he also invented the "Morse Code" system which became the standard for operating the equipment).
  (2) Previously, communication handled face to face, the hiring of a personal messenger, or through the Postal System. A letter mailed within England might take to two weeks to be delivered, and letters mailed between America and Europe might take 6 to 12 weeks to be delivered.
  (3) The Telegraph system deployed electric wire and used a "tapping device" to send messages. The Morse code assigned a series of short taps (called "dots") and long taps (called "dashes") to each letter of the alphabet. For example, the letter & was dash-dot-dot-dot. The Telegraph enabled nearly instantaneous communication between two points.
  (4) The legacy of the telegraph was a huge increase in the speed of personal and business communication, and it would be used immediately in military operations. The first telegraph line was laid across the English Channel in 1851 and was laid between America and Great Britain in 1858.

• TELEPHONE
  (1) While several inventors experimented with creating a telephone between 1840 and 1870, American Alexander Graham Bell is called the "Father of the Telephone" because in 1871 he provided the first public demonstration of the device and was awarded a patent for it in 1876.
  (2) Previously, communication was handled face to face, or via the Postal System/Telegraph.
  (3) The Telephone allowed for instantaneous voice communication between two points. Within three years, there were 49,000 telephones in use and by 1915 there were 3 million telephones in use in the US alone and service was provided throughout the entire US.
  (4) The Bell Telephone Company evolved into the AT&T Corporation we know today. For over 100 years, the telephone would dominate the communications Industry (until the Invention of the cellphone, pe's and the internet in the late 1900's). The Telephone started the decline in volume handled by the Post Office. The explosive growth of the telephone industry in the early 1900's played a huge role in the introduction of women into the white-collar workforce in America, and their emergence Into a greater role in society.

• COAL MINING AND THE USES OF COAL
  (1) "Nature" invented coal, because it is a "Fossil Fuel formed by the compaction over centuries of decayed plants. Coal is a global, abundant, and inexpensive natural resource.
  (2) There is evidence of coal being used as a heating source as far back as 400 AD, but wood was the dominant resource used for heating and cooking until the 1700's.
  (3) The growth in the use of coal is tied directly to the invention of the Steam Engine and Steel. Because coal burned in a slow manner and with steady heat, it became the primary resource used for Steam Engines and Iron Smelting. It is estimated that Coal production in England soared from 2 million tons/year in 1700 to 224 million tons/year in 1900, so it literally "fueled" the Industrial Revolution.
  (4) England is a small island, but it came to dominate the industrial Revolution and Imperialism in part because it had ample deposits of coal and iron ore. Coal mining, however, was the most dangerous job in the world during the IR due to mine collapses, mine flooding, explosions from methane gas, and Black Lung Disease from inhaling coal dust. Other issues included air pollution and water pollution, which we are still dealing with today on a global scale.

• ELECTRIC MOTORS AND THE "ELECTRIC POWER GRID"
  (1) Several scientists during the Scientific Revolution led experiments on electro-chemical reactions in the 1700's. Alessandro Volta of Italy built the first electric battery in 1800 (and this is where the current term "volts" originated). The first electric motor capable of running machinery was invented by Englishman William Sturgeon in 1832. Thomas Edison created the first "power grid" in New York in 1000,
  (2) Previously, Steam Engines were used to power equipment in factories. Electricity was not available in homes or businesses.
  (3) With the invention of electric generators and motors, the Steam Engine was used to produce electricity and THEN the electricity was used to run the machines in the factories. Electric utility companies would create large scale electricity "factories" and would build a network of overhead electric lines to deliver power through a "grid" to homes/businesses.
  (4) By 1925, over 50% of US homes had been connected to the power grid, and the invention of electric appliances quickly followed (lightbulbs, toaster 1905, refrigerator 1915), producing a dramatic change in the quality of life for millions of people).

• COMBUSTION ENGINE
  (1) Several scientists began experimenting with the Idea of a combustion engine during the 1700's, and the early prototypes used methane gas as the fuel. Nicholas Otto of Germany is credited with building the first successful and commercially viable combustion engine which ran on gasoline In 1864.
  (2) Previously, the transportation industry ralled on horse drawn carriages or carts. With the advent of the steam engine, the transportation was transformed by railroads (powered by steam engine locomotives) and large steel hulled ships (powered by steam engines). But these were forms of "mass transportation" and not "individual" transportation.
  (3) The Combustion Engine burns fuel and oxygen inside a piston, creating high pressure gases which drive the pistons up/down and then converts that energy through a connecting rod to a driveshaft. The spinning of the driveshaft can be used to propel the wheels on a car/truck, the propellers on a ship or plane, or run industrial equipment. Within 2 years of its invention, the first automobiles, boat motors, and motorcycles would also be Invented. Within 15 years, 50,000 combustion engines would be built.
  (4) The combustion engine radically changed "personal transportation" with cars and motorcycles, radically changed the transportation of goods via trucks, facilitated the invention of the airplane in 1903, created a wide assortment of tools (le, chainsaw, portable generators), and would be used to run large scale industrial equipment.

• AUTOMOBILES
  (1) The first automobile (and the first motorcycle) using a combustion engine was built in 1866 in Germany by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz.
  (2) Previously, personal transportation was limited mostly to foot travel, or riding a horse/driving a horse drawn carriage.
  (3) The automobile used a combustion engine to propel the wheels of car or motorcycle. Acceptance initially constrained by the cost and/or the absence of smooth/paved roads, but by 1910 there were. 500,000 motor vehicles in operation world-wide (and motorized vehicles would be weaponized in World War 1.
  (4) Today, the automobile Industry is one of the largest industries in the world, with 1.5 BILLION vehicles in operation.

• INCANDESCENT LAMPS ("Light bulbs")
  (1) The Incandescent Lamp is a "lightbulb". In 1858, English chemist/physicist Michael Faraday Invented the first lighthouse by using a steam powered electric generator and a large carbon arc lamp. Englishman Joseph Swan and American Thomas Edison both "miniaturized" this technology to create the first lightbulbs for consumer use.
  (2) Previously, homes and businesses used fireplaces, candles, or gas lamps to provide light at night. All these sources had fire related risks for homes, and also had smelly or dangerous fumes associated with their use.
  (3) The Incandescent bulb was a sphere of glass with a wire filament and inert gas Inside It. Electric power would heat up the filament, causing the bulb to glow. The lightbulb was easier to turn off/on, produced no smell, and reduced the risk of fire and noxious fumes. Thomas Edison is generally credited with the invention of the lightbulb because of his patent on it, and because he created the first electric power grid which was needed for lightbulbs to work in a home or office.
  (4) The legacy is that the lightbulb replaced candles and gas lamps in homes, and today we enjoy new lighting technologies like Compact Fluorescent and LED bulbs.

• FACTORY ASSEMBLY LINES
  (1) It is not really clear who invented the assembly line, but it was used by Eli Whitney to mass produce muskets in the late 1700's. The idea was patented by Ransom Olds in 1901, and was used by him to produce Oldsmobile cars. Henry Ford is the person who enhanced/perfected the concept in the auto industry by creating a moving platform in which the car body is moved down the assembly line with parts added at each stop.
  (2) Prior to the factory assembly line, most goods were manufactured one at a time with a person or team taking on the complete assembly of a product. The person or team would not start to manufacture the next product until the first one was completely finished.
  (3) The assembly line is a manufacturing process where (a) production tasks are divided into small steps (potentially dozens or hundreds of them), (b) each worker typically performs only one or two of these steps, and (c) the product moves down an assembly line via a conveyor belt (or a similar device) from person to person until the production is complete. This way, dozens or hundreds of products are being produced simultaneously as they travel down the assembly line. This "division of labor" allowed goods to be produced in mass quantities, and allowed for cheaper/lower skilled workers to be used in the process.
  (4) Henry Ford is generally considered to be the person who perfected the assembly line. Using his movable platform, Ford was able to produce 1 car every 90 minutes, resulting in the production of cars per year around 1920. This reduced the cost of a Ford Model T car from $1,000 in 1908 to $3 Ford revolutionized manufacturing, and the assembly line would become the standard process of manufacturing for a wide variety of industries for the next 50 years.

• INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS
  (1) American Eli Whitney is most famous for inventing the Cotton Gin, but his biggest impact on the Industrial Revolution was probably his invention of interchangeable Parts in 1791.
  (2) Prior to Whitney, guns were built by expert "gunsmiths". One person built the gun from start to finish, and each gun was unique because there was no standardization of parts.
  (3) in 1791, Eli Whitney bid on a contract to produce 10,000 muskets for the new army of the United States. To accomplish this objective, Whitney created a master list of parts, and built machine tools to ensure every part was made to the exact specifications. This concept not only allowed the muskets to be built more quickly and less expensively using an assembly line, but it also allowed for the gun to be repaired with the simple replacement of an interchangeable part. In 1801, Eli Whitney proved this concept worked by dumping musket parts on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, DC and assembled the muskets in front of President Thomas Jefferson and members of Congress.
  (4) Over time, the standardization of parts specifications and the precise production of identical parts using machines would become the standard