APUSH Chapter 29 Sections 1-4 Terms

Section 1:

Dr. Woodrow Wilson

The Democrats wanted a place in office and they knew that if they could find an outstanding reformist leader they would have an excellent chance at winning the White House. They found this leader they were looking for in Dr. Woodrow Wilson, who was a mild conservative but now a militant progressive.

Wilson’s wise, wins the reforms pies

Wilson waged

Bosses in NJ needed a respectable candidate for governor and decided to offer Wilson the position. They expected him to lead as an academic novice but surprisingly Wilson Waged a passionate reform campaign instead.

His campaign: state go to the ppl, bust bad trusts, and more progressive reforms.

New Freedom

A program created by Wilson that gave him a strong progressive platform to run on. This program aimed for things like stronger antitrust legislation, banking reforms, and tariff reductions.

New freedom fights crooks, banks, and books

Third-party

The progressives created a hastily made third party that helped to quickly pass many pet reforms that were created by Willson’s Democrats (aka Wilsonian Democrats).

Third party, fast reforms, like a wild swarm

Bull Moose (659)

The nickname of the third-party of the progressives that was formed in 1912 by former president Roosevelt. This platform advocated for and believed in Roosevelt’s “new nationalism”

They wanted more regulations on the power of the federal and state governments and strong regulations on industry (protect the working class!).

Bull Moose, Roosevelt’s loose!

New Nationalism

During the 1912 campaign, the big competition was between New Nationalism (Roosevelt) and Wilson’s New Freedom (Wilson).

Reference term above for details abt his new nationalism

New Nationalism, Roosevelt’s Plan, More power to Uncle Sam! (more fed)

TR both favored

During the 1912 campaign competition (above), Roosevelt preached theories from the progressive speaker Herbert Croly. Croly and TR both favored the consolidation (growth) of trusts and labor unions as well as the expansion of trust management agencies. (Regulation of trusts!)

TR said trusts are just fine, regulate them, make them align!

Wilson’s New Freedom

Wilson’s New Freedom (opposite to TR’s New Nationalism) favored small businesses, entrepreneurship, and free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. (Fragmentation of trusts!)

Wilson’s game, break the trust chain!

“Man on the make”

Wilson appealed to the “man on the make” which was the man trying to start up and make their own business. The democrats weren’t for this social welfare and thought the USA needed competition, unlike what Wilson believed. (Wilson = for man on the make)

Won handedly

Wilson won handedly (won easily) with 435 electoral votes and 6,296,547 popular votes.

Socialist Candidate (660)

Eugene Debs was the socialist candidate in the 1912 election.

He won 900,672 votes, which was 6% of the total vote.

Debs took a stand…but 6% wasn’t grand!

Jefferson’s Faith (663)

Wilson shared Jefferson’s Faith which was presbyterian (Christian/Catholic) and it influenced the way he ran.

Serious Defects

Wilson was smart intellectually but had serious defects socially. He was kind of an introvert because he could be fun and witty privately but was often cold/standoffish/and awkward in public.

He wasn’t a people president like Roosevelt.

Wilson’s brain was bright but socially…a fright!

“Triple wall of privilege”

President Wilson attacked the “triple wall of privilege” which was the banks, trusts, and the tariff.

Underwood Tariff

Wilson was acting aggressively towards this triple wall so Congress passed the Underwood Tariff. This lowered tariff rates greatly and reintroduced a federal income tax.

16. Sixteenth Amendment (664)

The amendment that gives Congress the power to collect federal income taxes without having to determine it based on population.

16th times a charm, an income tax will do no harm!

Section 2:

Federal Reserve Act

The Federal Reserve Act was created by Wilson and made a nationwide system with 12 regional reserve districts each with separate banks. This act gave the Fed the ability to print money and policy tools to ensure economic stability.

Fed Reserve, banks preserve!

Federal Trade Commission Act (664)

Empowered a presidentially appointed commission to crush monopolies at their source by rooting out unfair trade practices

Unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, bribery

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914, lengthened the Sherman Act’s list of bad business practice (price discrimination, interlocking directorates)

Sought to exempt labor & agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecutions, while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing

Clayton’s rule, make business cool!

holding companies

Companies that own multiple businesses. The Clayton Antitrust Act was written to curb the power of these conglomerates.

further reforms (Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916)

The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916; made it so credit is available to farmers at low rates of interest as it was long demanded by populists

The Warehouse Act authorized loans on the security of staple crops

Farmers cheer, loans are near!

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Passed in 1916

Assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability (sickness, injury, etc.)

Comp for work, keep it from the jerk!

Adamson Act

Passed in 1916

Established eight-hour days for all workers on trains in interstate commerce.

Adamson’s eight, workers celebrate!

endeared himself

Wilson’s policies were not supported by businessmen and bigots.

Wilson;s game, not for bigots fame!

Progressives respected him, especially after he appointed Louis D. Brandeis to the Supreme Court (first Jew in SC!)

accelerated segregation

Wilson’s progressivism didn’t include better treatment for blacks and Wilson was actually responsible for accelerated segregation.

Some of his policies:

Wilson imposed segregation in his Cabinet departments

He appointed Southern Democrats, who were likely in favor of segregationist policies

Unlike the purported “separate but equal” policies of the Jim Crow era, Wilson's order was overtly discriminatory.

Wilson’s plan, segreation ran!

Wilson recoiled (666)

Wilson recoiled from an aggressive foreign policy. Hating imperialism, he was repelled by TR’s big stick-ism. Suspicious of Wall Street, he detested the so-called dollar diplomacy by Taft.

He declared that the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in Latin America and China

Jones Act

Granted the Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a “Stable Government” could be established. Wilson’s racial prejudices, however, made it difficult for him to anticipate anything other than a long political tutelage(protection) for Philippines

Jones gives a chance for the Philippines to advance!

General Victoriano Huerta (667)

A Mexican military leader and a politician who became president of Mexico in early 1913 after the assassination of the revolutionary president Francisco I. Madero.

Huerta’s rise, after Madero’s surprise!

newcomers tramped

A phrase describing the large-scale movement of Mexican migrants across the U.S. southern border in the early 20th century. “Tramped” implies they traveled by foot or endured difficult journeys, seeking better opportunities, they faced upon arrival.

Cries for intervention (667)

Cries for intervention = meaning strong public demands or calls

People made cries for intervention for the U.S. government to take military or political action in response to the revolutionary violence in Mexico, to protect American interests and citizens.

moral course

Wilson strove as best as he could to steer a moral course in Mexico. He sent his aggressive ambassador packing, imposed an arms embargo, and refused to recognize officially the murderous government of “that brute” Huerta.

Wilson’s way, keep the morals at bay!

seize the Mexican port

Before congress could act, Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz to thwart the arrival of a German steamer carrying Huerta-bound guns and ammunition.

Wilson’s call, seize Veracruz, stand tall!

ABC Powers

Wilson was rescued by an offer of mediation from the ABC Powers: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.

Tampico Incident

Huerta collapsed in July 1914 under pressure from within and without. He was succeeded by archrival Venustiano Carranza, still fiercely resentful of Wilson’s Military meddling. The whole sorry Tampico Incident didn’t augur (foreshadow) well for the future United States-Mexican relationships.

Wilson was determined to take down Huerta despite Mexicans promptly releasing captives and apologizing.

Tampico’s mess, U.S.-Mexico distress (because the Tampico Incident highlighted tensions and strained future U.S.-Mexican relations)

Villa and his followers

“Pancho” Villa, a combination of bandit and Robin Hood, had meanwhile stolen the spotlight. He emerged as the chief rival to President Carranza, whom Wilson now reluctantly supported.

Villa’s men ruthlessly hauled 16 young American mining engineers off a train traveling through northern Mexico and killed them.

He was hoping to cause a war with Wilson by also killing 19 Americans across the border; Columbus and New Mexico.

John J. Pershing (669)

Pershing was an important U.S. Army general who in 1916, led the Punitive Expedition into Mexico to capture revolutionary leader Pancho Villa (leader of bandit band), who had conducted raids into the U.S. Pershing’s force advanced quickly into Mexico

He ended up not catching him.

He was ordered to break up the bandit band.

Pershing’s quest, to capture the best!

Section 3:

Imperialism:

heir to the throne

The individual next in line to inherit the monarchy of Austria-Hungary was Archduke Franz Ferdinand. His assination in the Sarajevo trigged the events leading to World War I (below).

Ferdinand’s fate, sparked a world war’s state!

chain reaction

The start of the war went as follows:

After Serbia declined the ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Germany declared war as well, honoring the blank check issued to Austria-Hungary.

Russia declares war, aiding Serbia. The massive size and collective firepower of Russia intimidated Germany.

France declared war on Germany as well.

Germany initiated their “Schlieffen Plan”, which involved invading Belgium and conquering France before Russia could fully militarize and then attack Russia.

This plan failed because it was created in 1905 and therefore it was

stupid and obsolete.

War’s chain began, when Serbia said ran!

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary and later on, Turkey and Bulgaria

Central crew, Germany and Austria too!

Allies

France, Britain, Russia, and later on Japan and Italy.

Allied friends, France and Britian blend!

British enjoyed

British enjoyed refers to the advantages and benefits Britain experienced in its relationship with the United States during World War I. The British used their connection with the USA to gain support for their cause in the war.

The Brits had a deal with the U.S. for real!

Majority of Americans

The majority of Americans wanted to remain neutral and avoid getting involved in World War 1.

Americans say neutral’s the way!

war orders

Refers to the large-scale contracts placed by the British and French governments with American industries for military supplies and equipment needed for World War 1 (weapons, ammo, uniforms, food, and more).

War orders rise, supplies we buy!

noose-tight blockade

“Noose-tight” = super tight (as tight as a noose)

A strict and comprehensive naval blockade enforced by the British navy to prevent goods and supplies from reaching Germany during World War I.

This blockade ended up lowering Germany’s economy and war effort.

Blockade so tight, Germany lost the fight!

submarine war area (670)

The designated zone around British Isles where German submarines would engage in unrestricted naval warfare against enemy vessels. German submarines would attack and sink ships in this area (merchant ships, military, etc) with no exceptions.

Submarine spree, sink ships at sea!

U-boats

The name given to German submarines, from “undersea boat”. These boats sunk merchant and military ships.

German submarines that were used for dangerous purposes that caused 90 ships to sink in war.

This problem grew when the Lusitania was torpedoed.

U-boats dive, making ships not survive!

Lusitania

British liner that was torpedoed and sank on the coats Ireland on May 7, 1915

Loss of 1,198 lives including 128 Americans.

Lustiania’s fall, 1,198 lost, that’s the call!

“weasel words”

An insult Roosevelt used against Wilson that means he didn’t make any definitive statements or decisions in response to Germany. He said that Wilson would just say “weasel words”.

Weasel words flow where firm stances don’t go!

Arabic (672)

A British liner that was sunk in August 1915.

Berlin agreed to not sink an unarmed passenger ship without warning.

Arabic sinks, with warnings in the brinks!

Sussex

Germany had sunk a French passenger steamer, the Sussex.

A pledge (agreement) Germany gave in March 1916 during WW1 that promised they wouldn’t sink any more of the ships.

In 1917, this pledge was broken

Sussex was struck, Germany’s pledge ran amok!

Cold intellectual (672)

Refers to Charles Evan Hughe’s personality and demeanor as a candidate. He had a rational and analytical approach to politics but was seen as detached and/or unemotional (lack of charisma).

Cold intellect shines, but lacks the charm that aligns!

“He Kept Us Out of War”

This was Wilson’s 1916 re-election campaign slogan. It meant that under the leadership of Wilson the United States avoided getting involved in World War 1, which was very important to Americans at the time.

Aka thanks to Wilson the country still had peace and remained out of war and safe from conflict in Europe.

Wilson’s great lore, kept us out of war!

flocked to the polls

A large number of Midwesterners and westerners excitedly ran to the polls to vote for Wilson on election day. They loved him because of his progressive reforms and antiwar stance.

Voters take flight, flocking to the polls for what’s right!

Section 4:

Imperialism:

“Peace without victory” (673)

Refers to Wilson’s idealistic vision of ending WWI without any side reaching a clear military victory. He just wanted a peaceful ending with out any side getting a total victory because he thought it would reduce the urge for further wars and would avoid humiliation for any country.

Peace without victory, no one’s left in misery!

their decision

Refers to the collective choice made by American voters during the 1916 presidential election. Midwesterners and westerners influenced by Wilson’s progressive reforms and antiwar stance ultimately voted in favor of Wilson.

Their decision was clear, Wilson’s reforms drew near!

to its knees

The phrase to its knees means to bring someone or something to a state of defeat (they’re weakened and can't resist anymore).

Germany was being forced to comply with demands or facing serious consequences in the war.

“overt acts”

Wilson responded by destroying all diplomatic ties but maintained that war would not be an option unless the Germans commit one more atrocity towards the American people.

Wilson also proposed American ships to be armed, but senators declined this proposition, a decision Wilson criticized.

Overt acts demand a stance, war’s a last resort, not a dance!

Zimmerman note

A secret telegram from Germany to Mexico for an attempt to form an alliance against the US if there was war.

In exchange, Germany would help Mexico recover Texas and Arizona.

“sup Mexico, wudn’t it b crrrazy kewl if u guys attacked America?” -Arthur Zimmerman probably

Zimmerman’s note, a secret plea, Help Mexico attack, just wait and see!

April 2, 1917

Wilson delivered his speech which declared war against Germany.

April two, war declared anew!

simple truth (674)

The simple truth was the straightforward fact that Wilson needed to maintain U.S. neutrality during the war.

Keep it clear, Wilson wants to stay neutral here!

ambitious goal

The ambitious goal was Wilson’s vision for post-WWI characterized by lasting peace and stability. He wanted to create a new international order based on democracy, self-determination, collective security, etc which he wanted to establish with things like the League of Nations and more.

torch of idealism

The commitment to high moral standards and principles, mainly with foreign and international relations, that Wilson had. He wanted to use American ideals like democracy, peace, and justice to inspire and guide actions globally after WW1.

Fourteen Points address (675)

A speech delivered by Wilson on January 8th, 1918 that outlined his vision for peace after WW1. This speech discussed things like self-determination for nations, freedom of the seas, an established League of Nations, and other things to avoid international conflicts.

14 points, a peace decree, Wilson’s plan for harmony!

Aka his aim was to create everlasting peace and address the causes of the war to ensure global stability.

first five

The first five points of his address were the specific measures aimed at preventing future conflicts and ensuring lasting peace. They were:

Open Diplomacy (no secret agreements)

Freedom of the Seas (free navigation for all)

Removal of Economic Barriers (free trade for everyone)

Arms Reduction (limit military weapons),

Self-determination (nations choose their government).

First five points, peace in sight, open talks, seas so bright! Free trade flows, arms to scale, self-determination, let nations prevail!

Other points

He had other points 6-14 which were:

Restoration of territories (return of occupied lands)

Belgium’s Sovereignty (restore Belgium’s independence)

France’s recovery (return Alsace-Lorraine to France)

Italy’s borders (adjust Italy’s borders fairly)

Austro-Hungarian Empire (self-determination for its nations)

Balkan Nations (restore and respect Balkan states)

Ottoman Empire (autonomy for non-Turkish peoples)

Polish Independence (create an independent Poland)

League of Nations (form an organization for peace).

capstone point

The capstone point refers to the 14th point which advocated for the League of Nations. This point was considered the centerpiece of Wilson’s vision for a new world order to prevent future conflicts and create collective security. The League was made to provide a forum for resolving disputes between nations peacefully to promote negotiations with nations.

The 14th point’s the crown jewel, League of Nations, peace will rule!

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

This was a U.S. agency created in 1917 during WWI to influence public opinion and promote support for the war effort. It was led by George Creel and used propaganda to recruit soldiers and generate support for war-related policies. The committee wanted to unify the country behind the war effort by shaping narratives about the war and the U.S. role in it.

“four minute men”

A group of volunteer speakers organized by the CPI during the war that were trained to deliver brief, impactful speeches (normally lasting 4 mins) at public gatherings, events, and movie theaters to promote war effort and encourage patriotism.

They had an important role in shaping public opinion and boosting morale during the war.

frenzied spirit (675)

The intense enthusiasm and patriotic fervor that swept through the U.S. as the nation mobilized the war effort.

hysterical hatred

The extreme and irrational hostility some Americans felt towards perceived enemies during WWI (mainly towards Germans).

Espionage Act of 1917

Tried to bring an end to disloyal activities during the war.

Sedition Act of 1918

Created to extend the Espionage Act of 1917. It forbids anyone to negatively talk/write about the government.

Schenck v. United States 1919

This was a landmark supreme court case that convicted Schenck who urged resistance to the draft during WWI. This case established the rule that certain types of speech during wartime can be restricted because they can encourage people to act illegally or pose a risk to public safety.

They said that the things Schenck encouraged were a risk to public safety.