10 The Female Reproductive System.pptx

Female Reproductive System Overview

• Instructor: Dr. Elita Partosoedarso

• Recording Available On: YouTube

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General Functions

• Reproduction:

  • To produce gametes (oocytes) for sexual reproduction.

  • Fusion with male gamete (sperm) forms first cell of offspring, increasing genetic diversity for survival.

• Support for Fetus:

  • Supports developing fetus and delivers it externally.

  • Provides protection and nutrition to offspring for several years.

General Structure

• Essential Organs (Gonads):

  • Ovaries: Paired organs producing ova and sex hormones.

• Ducts/Secretions:

  • Accessory organs and ducts facilitate reproduction.

• Internal Genitals:

  • Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina.

• External Genitals:

  • Vulva.

• Mammary Glands:

  • Produce and secrete milk.

The Breasts

• Location:

  • Over pectoral muscles, connected by fascia.

• Function:

  • Mammary glands produce breast milk for lactation.

  • Breast size determined by fat around glandular tissue, not milk production capability.

• Structure Components:

  1. Suspensory Ligaments: Connect breast tissue to skin.

  2. Nipple & Areola: Nipple surrounded by pigmented areola with lubricating glands.

  3. Lobes & Lobules: Lobes divided into lobules with alveoli (milk-secreting cells).

Hormones in Breast Development

1. Estrogen: Stimulates growth of mammary ducts.

2. Progesterone: Develops secretory cells; can cause tenderness.

3. Prolactin: Stimulates milk production.

4. Oxytocin: Releases milk during suckling.

Ovaries

• Main Functions:

  • Produce ova via oogenesis; haploid gametes (23 chromosomes).

  • Secrete hormones (estrogens, progesterone) to regulate reproductive function.

• Location: Pelvic cavity, attached to the uterus by ovarian ligaments; mesovarium connects ovaries to broad ligament.

• Layers:

  1. Outer Cortex: Contains developing oocytes in follicles.

  2. Inner Medulla: Supportive tissue and vessels.

Uterine Tubes (Oviducts)

• Location: Attached to upper outer angles of uterus.

• Functions:

  • Transport oocyte to uterus; site of fertilization.

  • Zygote implantation in the uterus after division.

Uterine Tubes Divisions

1. Infundibulum: Open to peritoneum; contains finger-like fimbriae.

2. Ampulla: Middle area; common site for fertilization.

3. Isthmus: Narrow section connecting to uterus.

• Layers:

  • Outer fibrous adventitia.

  • Smooth muscle layer helps move oocyte.

  • Mucosa with cilia to aid ovum movement.

Uterus and Cervix

• Functions:

  • Nourishes and supports embryo post-fertilization.

• Location: Between urinary bladder and rectum.

• Sections:

  1. Fundus: Superior to uterine tubes.

  2. Body (corpus): Middle section.

  3. Cervix: Narrow portion into vagina; produces mucus to aid sperm movement.

Layers of the Uterus

1. Endometrium: Inner epithelial layer; vascular and glandular.

   • Two Sub-layers: stratum functionalis (shed during menses) and stratum basalis (not shed).

2. Myometrium: Thick muscle layer for contractions.

3. Perimetrium: Outer serous membrane.

Vagina

• Function: Passageway for sperm, menstrual blood, and delivery.

• Location: At the cervical canal's upper portion.

• Structure: Tubular muscular canal; consists of three layers (adventitia, muscle, mucous).

• Additional Features: Bartholin’s glands for lubrication; protective microorganisms.

Journey of Sperm and Oocyte

• Process:

  • Sperm enters vagina, moves through cervix and uterine tube.

  • Fertilization occurs in uterine tube and zygote moves to uterus for implantation.

Ovarian Cycle

• Processes:

  1. Oogenesis: Production of gametes.

  2. Folliculogenesis: Growth and development of follicles.

• Phases:

  1. Follicular Phase: Development of ovarian follicle.

  2. Ovulation: Release of the oocyte.

  3. Luteal Phase: Hormone secretion from corpus luteum.

Folliculogenesis Steps

1. Primordial Follicles: Present at birth; resting state.

2. Primary Follicles: Grow and develop from puberty.

3. Secondary Follicles: Larger; begin to secrete estrogen.

4. Tertiary Follicle: Full development leads to ovulation.

5. Corpus Luteum Formation: After follicle rupture.

Ovarian Cycle Phases

Phase 1: Follicular Phase

• Negative feedback loop involving GnRH, FSH, and LH—stimulates follicle development.

• Estrogen levels cause atresia of non-dominant follicles.

Phase 2: Ovulation

• Triggered by LH surge; expulsion of oocyte.

Phase 3: Luteal Phase

• Post-ovulation changes; corpus luteum produces progesterone.

• Regulates uterine lining; prepares for potential implantation.

Importance of Female Reproductive Cycles

• Regulates fertility and ensures suitable conditions for implantation.

• Limited window of fertility each cycle; oocytes must be fertilized promptly.

Endometrium Structure

1. Stratum Functionalis: Grows and sheds during menstrual cycle.

2. Stratum Basalis: Stable layer that remains during menses.

• Endometrial Glands: Provide nourishment to zygote.

Menstrual Cycle Phases

1. Secretory Phase: Endometrium prepares for implantation.

2. Ovulation: Release of oocyte triggered by LH.

3. Proliferative Phase: Endometrium rebuilds after menses.

4. Menses: Shedding of the layer if no fertilization occurs.