Cognitive Approach Key Terms

1. Model of Memory – Theoretical frameworks explaining how memory works. Examples include the Multi-Store Model and the Working Memory Model. 

2. Schema Theory – The idea that mental structures (schemas) help organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving. 

3. Theory of Thinking and Decision-Making – Describes how humans make decisions, often using dual-process models: 

• System 1 (Intuitive Thinking): Fast, automatic, based on heuristics. 

• System 2 (Rational Thinking): Slow, logical, effortful. 

4. Working Memory Model – Proposes that short-term memory consists of multiple components, including: 

• Central Executive (controls attention) 

• Phonological Loop (verbal info)

• Visuospatial Sketchpad (visual and spatial info) 

• Episodic Buffer (integrates info across components) 

5. Multi-Store Model – A theory of memory proposing three stages: 

• Sensory Memory (brief storage of sensory input) 

• Short-Term Memory (limited capacity, about 7 items)

• Long-Term Memory (potentially unlimited storage) 

6. Rational/Intuitive Thinking 

• Rational Thinking: Logical, deliberate, effortful thinking (System 2). 

• Intuitive Thinking: Quick, automatic, unconscious decision-making (System 1). 

7. Reconstructive Memory – The theory that memories are not exact copies of events but are reconstructed using prior knowledge, schemas, and new information. Can lead to distortions or false memories.