SOCSCI 2 PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT

• CHAPTER III: A Multi-faceted Image of Sustainable Development

• Sustainable Development Goals

• Are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice.

• The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no one behind, it is important that we achieve them all by 2030. (UN.org)

• Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality.

• The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central for hunger and poverty eradication.

• Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable development.

• Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives and sustainable development.

• Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.

• Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in.

• Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity.

• Sustainable economic growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow people to have quality jobs.

• Investments in infrastructure are crucial to achieving sustainable development.

• To reduce inequalities, policies should be universal in principle, paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations.

• There needs to be a future in which cities provide opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more.

• Responsible production and consumption.

• Climate change is a global challenge that affects everyone, everywhere.

• Careful management of this essential global resource is a key feature of a sustainable future.

• Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss.

• Access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels.

• Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

• Concept of Development

Development (Kaunlaran)

Condition, level or quality of life of an individual, family, community or a nation as a whole;  in relation to his/its physical, socio-cultural, political, economic, moral-spiritual, technological emotional/psychological, and intellectual well-being.

Condition or level of life wherein man is able to actualize his physical, socio- cultural, political, economic, moral-spiritual, emotional/ psychological, and intellectual faculties and attain his needs.

DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

1. Physical

• Concerns maintenance of health and physical order within a community/ nation.

2. Socio-cultural

• Concerns the quality of social relationship or interaction among individuals/ groups within a society.

• It can also be the appreciation of traditional cultural beliefs and practices.

3. Moral-spiritual

• Concerns practice of proper moral values within a community/ society.

4. Intellectual

• Concerns the capacity of individuals to develop their knowledge and skills for the improvement of life.

5. Political

• Concerns practice of governance and maintenance of peace and order within a community.

6. Economic

• Concerns the capacity of man or groups to provide adequate resources to meet basic needs and provide a decent way of life.

7. Emotional/ Psychological

• Concerns man’s emotional attitudes towards life, his capacity to meet the stress and strains” of life.

8. Technological

• Concerns man’s capacity to employ/ use the discoveries of the sciences to improve his way of life.

FACTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT

Development can either be seen in a “micro” or “macro” perspective.

Development is holistic.

The various dimensions  of development  are interrelated and intertwined.

The study of development is multidisciplinary.

Economics is not the “end and all” of development, however it plays an important function in meeting the other needs of man.

FACTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT

f. The irony of development is that when one maximizes his capacity to fulfill one dimension, there is a tendency tocompromise the others.

e. The challenge of development management is to arrive at a “rationalization” of development.

Rationalization – maximizing people’s capacity to actualize all dimension without compromising the others. In other wordsmaintaining “homeostasis” of development.

LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT

• a. Sub-subsistence Level

• Stage of life wherein  man is barely able to meet the basic necessities of life (food, shelter, clothing).

• b. Subsistence Level

• Stage of life wherein man has just enough to meet basic needs.

• c. Development

• Stage of life wherein man is able to meet basic needs and start thinking of higher values in life such as health, reaction, arts, and education.

• Self-Realization

• Stage of life when one is no longer concerned only with meeting basic needs of life but moves towards self-realization in terms of maximizing his capacities and contemplate his role in the community and country.

MORAL PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT

• Human Dignity

• Core Value which serves as the foundation for development.

• “It is a principle which recognizes the humanness of man; that man is endowed with rights and has certain human faculties to perfect or maximize.”

• Popular Participation

• A principle which means that people or the recipients of development initiatives should not be treated simply as receivers or beneficiaries of development rather they should be involved  in the process of planning and implementing programs. They should always be involved and consulted on matters affecting their welfare.

• Empowerment

• Development should provide opportunities  for people to know and analyze their own community problems and meet their own needs with less assistance from others. It should provide skills to encourage people to become more self-reliant.

• Common Good

• Development should be for the welfare of the majority and not simply of the few or the powerful.

• Social Justice

• Development should provide for the equitable distribution of wealth, power and opportunities  among families, groups, communities, and nations. Those who have more should provide opportunities  for those who have less in life.

• Sustainability (Intergenerational Equity)

• Development should not only look at the needs of the present generation but also that of the next generation. It should meet people’s needs not only on a short-term basis, but should meet lasting or long-term needs.

• Social Responsibility

• A principle which means that everyone is a steward of society. Everyone should be involved in addressing social issues and problems. It emphasizes the social dimension of development and addressing  social problems. Everyone is co-responsible for the welfare of society.

• CHAPTER IV:
PEACEFUL CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION

• 1. Human Dignity

• Core Value which serves as the foundation for peace and development.“

• It is a principle which recognizes the humanness of man; that main is endowed with rights and has certain human faculties to perfect or maximize."

• 2. Human Rights

• are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status.

• Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.

• Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.

• Characteristics of Human Rights

• Human rights are inherent and are essential part of our lives

• This means that we cannot be fully called "human" dare acting or treated otherwise.

2. Human rights are also fundamental because "without them the life and dignity of man will be meaningless"

3. Human rights are inalienable because it cannot be taken away from a person.

• No free individual can be legally tortured or hurt by anybody and can actually claim the rights of others. Inalienable means that it cannot be separated from any person.

4. Human rights are imprescriptible because they cannot be lost even by a long passage of time.

• This means that even if a person has not asserted his/her rights for a long period of time, this does take away one's human rights.

• Inalienable means that it cannot be separated from any person.

5. Human rights are also invincible because even if they have already been enjoyed before, one can still be enjoyed for the rest of one's life.

• The freedom of expression of belief or opinion can be repeatedly used as to being human.

6. Human rights are universal which means that all human beings have them.

• Race, color, religion, sex, status in life do not determine who to enjoy these rights. Human rights are universal in that they encompass all boundaries.

7. Human rights are interdependent because the realization of these rights are dependent on each other.

• This means that one could not fully exercise one right when the others are being restricted or violated..

• Kinds of Human Rights

Economic, social and cultural rights

• the right to work in just and favorable conditions;

• the right to social protection, to an adequate standard of living and to the highest attainable standards of physical and mental well-being:

• the right to education and the enjoyment of benefits of cultural freedom and scientific progress.

Civil and political rights

• rights as freedom of movement; equality before the law,

• the right to a fair trial and presumption of Innocence:

• freedom of thought, conscience and religion;

• freedom of opinion and expression; peaceful assembly

• freedom of association;

• participation in public affairs and elections

• Protection of minority rights

• prohibits arbitrary deprivation of life,

• prohibits torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment:

• prohibits slavery and forced labour;

• prohibits arbitrary arrest or detention;

• prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy:

• prohibits war propaganda,

• prohibits discrimination.

• Prohibits advocacy of racial or religious

• Human Rights and Sustainable Peace and Development

• Betty Reardon (1995), "the achievement of positive conditions of human rights provide the foundation of nonviolent social order and greatly reduce the causes of armed conflict."

• Human Rights are not the making of philosophers, or lawyers or commissions or of parliaments, they are not fruit of philosophical ideas but are born out of the concrete struggle of the people.

• (United Nations) are generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we cannot live as human beings

• (CHR) the supreme inherent and inalienable rights to life, to dignity and to self-development. It is the essence of this rights that makes man human

• Human Rights and Social Justice

• What is Social Justice?

• It is a complex issue.

• Social justice is based on the premise that all people are entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms as everybody else.

• Social justice is connected with issues ofequality and equity.

• Human rights can help to fight indignity.

• Social justice and development

• The human development model of development emphasizes that people are the means and end of development.

• Development cannot be considered to be true development unless someone experienced good from it and not at the expense of others.

• Social justice is a non-material indicator of human development.

• Human development is predicated on equity and inclusiveness

• Lesson 2: Challenging Prejudice and Building Tolerance

• Definition of terms

1. Prejudice the negative feeling or attitude towards a person or a group even if it lacks basis.

• The definition refers to an attitude and belief that one group of people is in some way inferior to another.

• The word "prejudice comes from the Latin roots "prae" (in advance) and "odicum” (judgment), which essentially means to judge before.

• When we "pre-judge" someone, we ng make up our minds about who they are before we actually get to know them

2. Stereotype refers to the negative opinion about a person or a group based on incomplete knowledge.

• A stereotype is an attitude towards a person or group on the basis of some physical characteristic or physical fact.

• A stereotype is an example of an Implicit personality theory. Such theories attribute internal properties to a person, such as character traits, on the basis of external properties

3 Discrimination refers to negative actions toward members of a specific social group that may be manifested in avoidance, aversion or even violence

Difference Between Prejudice and Discrimination

A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and cognitive), whereas discrimination just involves behavior

• Types of Prejudice

1. Racism - the belief that one's own cultural or racial heritage is innately superior to that of others, hence, the lack of respect or appreciation for those who belong to a "different race"

2. Sexism - a system of attitudes, actions and structures that subordinates others on the basis of their sex where the usual victims are women.

3. Heterosexism -negative attitudes towards lesbian and gay men.

4 Classism Distancing from and perceiving the poor as "the other (Lott, 1999)

5. Looksism - prejudice against those who do not measure up to set standards of beauty. The usual victims are the over- weight, the undersized, and the dark-skinned. (Nario-Galace, 2003)

6. Ageism -negative attitudes held against the young or the elderly.

7. Linguicism negative attitudes which members of dominant language groups hold against non-dominant language group (Chen-Hayes, Chen & Athar, n.d)

8. Religious intolerance prejudice against those who are followers of religions other that one's own

• LESSON 3: CULTIVATING INNER PEACE

• INNER AND OUTER TRANSFORMATION

• Patricia Mische (2000) explains that the transformation that we should seek should not only be the transformation of our society, but also the transformation of our spirit because the inner transformation inspires the outer work. She concludes that the "inner and outer transformations are inseparable parts of one whole".

• Ideas of Inner Peace

• Thich Nhat Hanh -holds that a key to world peace is the practice of "being peace". He says that people of the modern world try to fill in the vacuum inside all of us with overworking. However, these do not fill in the emptiness that we feel nor give us a sense of security and well being.

• He further says that each one of us have both the seeds of peace and violence inside us and it is up to us which one we will cultivate.

• He says that if we cultivate the seeds of compassion, we nourish peace within us and around us.

• He advocates compassionate, calm and deep listening, which, he says can restore harmony.

• Dalai Lama (2001), leader of the Tibetan people, and Nobel Peace Prize Awardee in 1989

• Explains that a calm and wholesome state of mind has beneficial effects on our health and physical well being. Conversely, feelings of fear and anger can be destructive to our health.

• Learn to reduce the influence of negative emotions so we can have a happier and more satisfying life.

• when people are caught up with the idea of acquiring more and being rich, without making room for anything else in their lives, it can result into losing the "dream of happiness",

• Encourages people to be something more than their titles, incomes and possessions

• World Religions -the essential message is that we do to others what we want them to do to us.

• A source of peaceable relationships which, in turn, brings personal peace. This indicates to us that indeed there is a link between social and personal peace. Similarly, as people pursue the goal of personal peace, this will contribute to a more peaceful community.

• How to Cultivate Inner Peace

1. Focus on the Present Moment:

• Take a few deep breaths with your eyes closed, focusing on the air moving through you

• Put your hand over your heart and count each breath you take or simply listen within

• Bring mindfulness to your movements and what is around you feel and watch every detail

• Designate something as an anchor to your peaceful present moments, like the face of your watch, veins in your wrist, or anything you can focus on quickly and easily to bring you back to a feeling of peace.

• 2. Create Daily Peace Practices 

• When you start and end your day with activities that calm and center you, the time in between will become peaceful as well.

Here are some ideas to get you started: 

• Journaling 

• Write daily gratitude

• Meditation

• Prayer

• Pay attention to the beauty and magic in each day

• Looking for heart shapes around you

• Walking in nature

• Reading meaningful or uplifting material

• 3. Live Simply

• Inner and outer clutter are distracting and complicate our lives. On some level they keep us on edge all the time. Creating a physical environment that is peaceful and calm will nurture the same within you. Take a careful look at your space, calendar, and the people in your life. It may be time to let some things go.

• 4. Don't Marinate in Your Upsets

• Give it a minute or two-let the feeling dissipate on its own

• Any of the tools above for returning to the present moment

• Ask yourself if being upset is serving you and if not, let it go

• Move into neutrality by observing yourself in the situation

• imagine you are watching what is happening on a movie screen

• Bring compassion and understanding to all involved, knowing everyone is doing the best they are capable of in that moment

• LESSON 4: PROMOTING NON-VIOLENCE

• Nonviolence

• is the refusal to do harm to other humans as life is sacred and is an absolute value, it is anchored on the belief that humans have potential to change.

• is both a principle and a practice. The principle of nonviolence affirms the active use of non-coercive and non-aggressive means to create a more peaceful context,

• DIFFERENT BELIEFS ABOUT NONVIOLENCE

Mohandas Gandhi

Nonviolence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man

• The man who led the people of India out of British subjugation held the following beliefs about non-violence:

1. As long as people accept exploitation, both exploiter and exploited will be entangled in injustice but once the exploited refuse to accept the relationship, refuse to cooperate with it, they are already tree.

2. Nonviolence and cowardice do not go together. Possession of arms implies an element of fear, if not cowardice.

3. A person and his/her deeds are two distinct things. Hate the sin but not the sinner.

4. If we fight back (in a violent way), we will become the vandal and they (oppressors) will become the law,

5. An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.

6. Nonviolence is more powerful for converting the opponent and opening his ears which are otherwise shut to the voice of reason

7. Nonviolence demands that the means used should be as pure as the ends sought. Two wrongs will not make one right. "If the end is good the means must also be good."

• Martin Luther King Jr.

• Believe in the same principles of Gandhi held on to. Below are additional beliefs of MLK, Jr. held with regard to non-violence:

1. Nonviolence does not seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent but to win friendship and understanding.

2. Nonviolence seeks to defeat injustice, not people.

3. Nonviolence thrives on love rather than hatred.

4. Nonviolence requires willingness to suffer and amazing discipline in the midst of provocation.

5. Nonviolence holds that suffering can educate and transform.

• Why Nonviolence?

1. It is both an ethical and moral choice.

• Major religious and philosophical traditions teach about respect for life.

• Jainism - it is taught that a wise person "does not kill, nor cause others to kill, nor consent to the killings by others."

• Lao Tzu, founder of Taoism taught that "weapons are instrument of evil and not of a good ruler."

• In Buddhism, the precept "not to kill" is the foundation for all Buddhist action Everyone is believed to have been born with a Buddha nature so "no one has the right to take the life of another".

2. Destruction is not the law of humans

• Theory of Bandura & Ross -aggression is not inherent but it is learned in the process of socialization and thus, may be unlearned.

3. Nonviolence is a practical choice. Tools and effects of violence are costly.

• examples: Large amount of money buying war crafts and different fire arms,

4. Nonviolence works --

Examples: EDSA People Power and the Speech of Martin Luther King Jr. about equality between white and black Americans.

• Nonviolent Direct Action

• Gene Sharp (2005) identified 198 methods of nonviolent action Nonviolent action refers to efforts to persuade with action via methods of protests, non-cooperation and intervention without using physical violence.

• Nonviolent Struggles

1. Nonviolent Protest and Persuasion seeks to produce awareness of the dissent

Examples: Petitions, banners, posters, lobbying, singing, marches, Prayer rallies, mock Funerals and vigils.

2. Nonviolent Non-cooperation - presents the opponent with difficulties in maintaining the normal operation of a system.

Example: consumer's boycott, general strike and civil disobedience

3. Nonviolent Intervention challenges the opponent more directly.

-Examples: sit-ins and fasts.

• Goals of Nonviolent Actions

According to Martin Luther King Jr:

• Nonviolent actions seek to dramatize the issue and to put pressure on the adversary to confront the issue.

• Nonviolent direct actions seeks to create tension/crisis that would force the adversary to open the door to negotiation,

• Nonviolent direct actions seeks to create a situation that would liberate victims from silence and hopelessness.

• Nonviolent direct actions also seeks to gain attention, and consequently, support from the larger community.

• LESSON 5: RESOLVING AND TRANSFORMING CONFLICTS

• What Is Conflict?

• The word conflict came from the Latin word 'conflictus' which means striking together with force.

• Why Do Conflicts Arise?

• What Prevents Us from Resolving Our Conflicts?

• Indifference of apathy is another obstacle to conflict resolution. People sometimes show a lack of concern or interest, whether deliberately or not, for the situation.

• Others feel helpless or hopeless, perhaps, because the situation is discouraging or the other party is a person of authority.

• The lack of communication between disputants, or the absence of it, may also be a hindering factor in conflict resolution.

• There are also situations when conflicts are not resolved because this provocation and sympathizers who, with or without meaning to, "fan the fire" and aggravate the situation.

• There are also situations when people perceive the problem solving process tedious: and stressful and hence shun it.

• Dialoguing with an adversary also requires a great amount of courage and often we find ourselves lacking in audacity to face the "enemy".

• What is Anger and Its Effects?

• Anger is one of the mare commonly experienced emotions when parties are in conflict Anger is not merely irritation or disappointment but a combined feeling of disappointment, anxiety and indignation that signal our body to prepare for a fight.

• How Do We Manage Our Anger?

• Here are some ways to change the form of our anger:

• Recognize that you are angry. Awareness of the emotion that you are currently feeling can help cool it down

• Distance yourself from the situation. Leave the anger scene. Changing environment albeit temporarily, will help calm you down

• 3. Release anger physically in indirect forms:

• Shout and let it out in a place where no one can hear you

• Hit a pillow, a punching bag, a mattress or anything soft to reduce adrenaline level in the hands

• Draw or paint your anger out. Release the stress hormones by using forceful strokes

• Walk, run, and swim vigorously

• Hit the gym. Exercise. Under pressure, people who exercise have lower levels of stress hormones and small increases in heart rate and blood pressure (Reyes, 2006).

• 4. Relaxation Techniques

• Breathe deeply many times while saying a calming word or phrase like "relax"

• Paint pictures in your mind of happy thoughts and experiences

• Go for a massage

• Do meditation techniques

• 5. Calm Your Mind

• Talk to yourself. Think of alternatives to your anger as well as consequences if you explode

• Interrogate yourself.

• Count to to before reacting. If you feel that you will still explode after number 10, continue counting

• Count to to before reacting. If you feel that you will still explode after number 10, continue counting

• Change your thought processes. When we are angry, we think of our adversary in the worst possible light. We resort to blaming

• Put it in writing. It will help you organize your thoughts and think clearly.

• 6. Therapeutic Techniques

• Multi media fax: Tum on the TV and watch an entertaining show. Go to the movies, Listen to music.

• Play a musical instrument

• Sing or dance

• Take a shower or a long bath

• Take a cold drink

• Stroll in the park or in the mall

• Tinker with your PC. Blog, chat online, or download an entertaining

• 7. Spiritual Aids

• Lift it up. Pray for patience, understanding and the will to forgive. For example, the Bible tells us to forgive "seventy-times seven". Forgiveness, according to the Center for Dispute Resolution, does not mean condoning the act. Rather, it is an act of releasing ourselves from the pain we have experienced at the hands of others.

• Visit your place of worship. Offer your anger,

• 8. Social Support

• Talk to a family member or a friend

• Get a hug from a loved one

• Cuddle your pet

• 9. Redirect Energy

• Clean your room or house, redecorate your place or tend to your garden.

• When applicable, turn your anger into humor. Instead of exploding, crack a joke or endeavor to turn the edgy situation into something light.

• 10. Cry it out.

• Crying is therapeutic. It allows the body to eliminate damaging stress hormones.

• What Are the Main Options in Dealing with Conflicts?

1. Move away. Avoid the situation or withdraw. This option is normally chosen when the issue is trivial or when the person in conflict believes that she has no power to change the situation. (FLIGHT)

2. Move against. Win the battle. Tis option is taken when the issue is important, the party thinks that s/he is right and is bent to prove that, or she has the power to achieve his/her goals. (FIGHT)

3. Give up or give in. The option is taken when goal is to preserve harmony in the relationship. It is also taken when the other party recognizes the validity of the other’s viewpoint. (ACCOMMODATE)

4. Give half Meet in the middle. Tis option is reached when both parties cannot get what they want fully and are willing to give up part of their goals (COMPROMISE)

5. Move towards, Dialogue or collaborate with your adversary. Tis option is taken when both issue and relationship are important to the parties, hence, a mutually acceptable solution is sought, (FACE COLLABORATE)

• What are Some Tips to a Good Dialogue?

Some of these tips are taken from AKKAPKA (1987), Johnson and Johnson (1995); Fisher and Stone (1990); and Ruiz (nd):

Dialoguing Tips:

1. Speak in a gentle, non-threatening manner.

2. Think carefully of what you are going to say. Do not make the situation worse by angering the other person.

3. Use the I-message. Begin your sentences with "I" to illustrate how you feel about the situation. "You" messages tend to be blaming or reproachful.

4. Admit your own responsibility to the conflict. Such will soften an otherwise positional stance

5. Avoid using hazy statements and global words such as "always" and "never". Be as specific as possible.

6. Be willing to tell the other person his/her positive attributes. Tis will help create an atmosphere of trust and openness.

7. Show positive regard and respect. Do not call names, blame, humiliate, characterize or judge.

8. Do not give in to the temptation of returning hurt for hurt. As Gandhi had said, "an eye for an eye will make the world blind. Instead, paraphrase, clarify and explain your situation.

9. Be tough on the problem, not on the person. Make it clear that it is with the behavior or ideas that you disagree with, not the person.

10. Don't take anything personally. Instead, become aware of the wound the person has let out in the open, be grateful that s/he helped uncover it, and take responsibility in healing that wound.

• Listening Tips.

1. Actively listen. Show that you are hearing his/her point of

2. Listen with empathy and try to stand in the shoe of the other

3. Accept criticism of your ideas or behavior. This does not mean rejection of you as a person.

4. Paraphrase and clarify when needed.

• Collaborating Tips:

1. State your needs or interests, not your demands.

2. Deal with issues one at a time.

3. State repeatedly your positive intentions to solve the problem.

4. Be solution-oriented. Prepare realistic proposals for a solution. Look for solutions that are good and fair to both sides.

• What is Mediation?

• Mediation is a process of conflict resolution in which a neutral third party, the mediator, facilitates communication and negotiation between two or more parties who are in dispute with each other. The mediator helps the parties to identify the issues in dispute, to explore options for resolution, and to reach an agreement that is acceptable to all parties involved.

• Mediation can be used to resolve a wide range of disputes, including family conflicts, workplace disagreements, business disputes, and community disputes. It is often used as an alternative to going to court, as it can be a quicker, less formal, and less expensive way to resolve disputes.

• What is Conflict Transformation?

• Conflict transformation is a process of addressing the root causes of a conflict, rather than simply managing its symptoms or trying to resolve it through compromise or coercion. It involves a fundamental shift in the way that individuals and groups view and respond to conflict, with the goal of creating lasting, positive change.

• Conflict transformation recognizes that conflict is a natural and inevitable part of human interaction, and that it can be an opportunity for growth and transformation if it is approached in the right way. Instead of seeking to eliminate or suppress conflict, conflict transformation aims to harness its energy and use it to create constructive change.