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Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration across a cell membrane, with no input of energy from the cell.
Movement of substances from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, and needs energy from cell respiration.
Possesses kinetic energy - move about constantly and randomly \n Molecules diffuse DOWN their concentration gradient. \n Steeper the concentration, the faster the diffusion ~ rate of diffusion ÷ time
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Net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration that is, down a concentration gradient. \n \n Solute diffuse independently of each other in solution \n Some substances can diffuse across the cell surface membrane.
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Protease digest protein in amino acids.
Starch into maltose by amylase. >maltose into glucose by maltase
Lipase digest fats into glycerol + fatty acids
Protein into polypeptide by pepsin , polypeptide into amino acids by erepsin
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Add 2cm^3 of biuret solution to 2cm^3 of food sample.
Shake the mixture thoroughly.
A purple or violet solution is formed if proteins are present.
-biuret solution remained blue > protein absent
-biuret solution turned from blue to purple > protein present
Add 2cm^3 of ethanol to 2cm^3 of food sample in clean and dry test tube.
Shake the contents of the tube vigorously.
Decant the liquid from step 2 into a new test tube.
Add 2cm^3 of distilled water into the test tube from step 3 and shake the mixture.
A white emulsion is formed if fats are present.
-ethanol solution remained colourless > fats are absent
-white emulsion formed > fats present
Add 2cm^3 of food sample into clean test tube.
Add a few drops of iodine solution to the test tube.
A blue-black solution is formed if starch is present.
- Iodine solution remained brown > starch is absent.
-Iodine solution turns from brown to blue-black > starch is present.
Colour change | Amount of reducing sugar present |
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Solution remained blue | reducing sugar absent |
Blue to green precipitate | Traces of reducing sugar |
Blue to yellow precipitate | Moderate amount of reducing sugar |
Blue to orange-red precipitate | Large amount of reducing sugar |
\n Cellophane paper and thistle funnel- demonstrate osmosis \n Copper sulfate crystal - diffusion
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