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Chapter 15 & 16 Notes

Chapter 15 & 16 Vocabulary/Questions: Urban America & Politics and Reform

Immigration in 1890

  • By 1890, the majority of immigrants to America originated from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Nativism

  • "Nativism" is defined as discrimination against immigrants by native-born individuals.

Nativist Opposition to Immigration

  • Nativists opposed immigration due to fears that Catholics would grant the Catholic Church excessive power within the American government.

The Gilded Age

  • The "Gilded Age" refers to an era that seemed prosperous on the surface but was characterized by underlying issues such as poverty, crime, and corruption.

Labor Union Opposition to Immigration

  • Labor unions opposed immigration citing immigrants' poverty and perceived poor manners.

Treatment of Irish Immigrants

  • (The transcript does not contain answer, it only contains the question.) Why were the Irish treated so poorly as immigrants?

Chinese Exclusionary Act

  • The Chinese Exclusionary Act prohibited Chinese immigration for a period of 10 years and also prevented Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens.

Political Machines

  • Political Machines were political groups formed with the primary goal of acquiring and maintaining political power.

Granger Laws

  • Granger Laws established maximum rates for railroads and prohibited them from charging higher rates for short hauls compared to long hauls.

Pendleton Act

  • The Pendleton Act authorized the president to establish rules for federal jobs based on bipartisan criteria.

Plessy v. Ferguson

  • In "Plessy v. Ferguson," Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a railroad car designated for whites only. The court ruled against Plessy, establishing the legal doctrine of "separate but equal."

Monopolies and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

  • The Sherman Anti-Trust Act declared illegal any combination (such as a trust or conspiracy) that restrained trade or commerce among the states.