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Homeostasis Study Guide (Chapter 5, Cengage Biology Honors)

ALL REVIEW Q’S   HOMEOSTASIS GIZMOS


Feedback Loops

CLASS PRESENTATIONS


Positive vs. Negative Feedback Loops


Positive

Negative

Results in amplification

Results in stabilization















Graphic by Tanisha Kurani


Feedback Loop Examples



Example

Information

Blood Clotting

Group of blood cells, platelets, and protein clumped together over a wound to stop bleedingNegative loopBleeding (input) is stopped by clot (output), reverses direction of blood

Ice-Albedo

Albedo - Amount of sunlight or radiation reflected by a surface Positive loopIce is highly reflective, it reflects some sunlight back to space, heating the ocean up and melting more and more ice.

Body Temperature

Receptors are stimulated by a discrepancy from the normal 98.6 degrees F and send a signal to control centerControl center decides whether to vasodilate (cool down) or vasoconstrict (heat up) and sends a signal to effectors w/ decisionEffectors execute the decision w/ sweat glands or muscle contractionNegative loopThe body loses or retains heat to stabilize yourself to a particular temperature

Labor/Giving Birth

More pressure on cervix stimulates receptor cells that releases oxytocinOxytocin goes back to cervix and simulates contractionsPositive loop - Contractions go back to more pressure on the cervix until baby is born

Fruit Ripening

Acidic levels rise and amount of simple sugars increase, activating fruit ripening enzymesEnzymes cause the ripened fruit to ripen more fruit

Guard Cells/Stomata

Guard cells = 2 epidermal cells that open and close stomatal poresStomata = Tiny substance essential to photosynthesis, made up of guard cellsTakes in CO2, releases O2 Stomata must open to release water, but when it opens, leads to water going in and needing to refillNegative loop


Transport


BIGELOW SLIDES    PARAMECIUM GIZMOS   __OSMOSIS PRACTICE PROBLEMS__STUDY BOOKLET (HANDED OUT IN CLASS)   OSMOSIS GIZMOS    PRACTICAL APPLICATION    PRACTICAL APPS WORKSHEET


Factors that influence diffusion:

  1. Concentration

  2. Temperature

  3. Size

  4. Charge

  5. Pressure


Concentration

  • Concentration gradient - adjacent regions with different concentrations


When a cell goes through passive transport or diffusion, it tries to travel from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient.


KEY VOCAB:

  • Solute: The thing being dissolved

  • Solvent: The thing dissolving the solute

  • Solution: The product once it’s dissolved


Passive Transport

  • Diffusion - The movement of atoms/molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

  • Osmosis - Diffusion relating to water

  • Facilitated diffusion - Diffusion where molecules pass through protein channel



Hypertonic - Outside > InsideIf the solvent is hypertonic, the solute is hypotonicEnds in shriveling up

Isotonic - Outside=InsideIf the solvent is isotonic, the solute is tooThe end goal of all diffusion

Hypotonic - Inside > OutsideIf a solvent is hypotonic, the solute is hypertonicEnds in swelling and ruptures


  • Turgor Pressure - Plants fill themselves with water to preserve structure

    • If it loses that water, it stops pushing and becomes soft

  • Osmotic Pressure - The amount of turgor needed to stop osmosis

  • Plasmolysis - Cell membrane pulling away from cell wall (opposite of turgor)


Active Transport

Active transport moves against the concentration gradient (low to high) and requires energy.


  • Protein pump - A pump that moves molecules across the membrane


Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Into the cell - uses cell membrane  to engulf materials 
Phagocytosis - The cell eats the particles and uses them for stuffPinocytosis - The cell drinks up the particles and uses it for stuffReceptor-Mediated - The cell uses receptors to target specific molecules

Fuses with cell


Examples


Bioenergetics


BIGELOW SLIDES


Energy - The ability to do work

Entropy - Unusable dispersed energy


Laws of Thermodynamics

  1. First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed

  2. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Energy tends to disperse spontaneously, always increasing entropy in a system


Potential vs. Kinetic Energy, Endergonic Exergonic

  • Potential energy - Energy that is stored in a fixed position or motion

    • Chemical energy - form of potential energy due to arrangement of atoms within the molecules

  • Kinetic energy - Energy of motion



Endergonic

Exergonic

Reactions that store energy into the moleculeCondensation, photosynthesis

Reactions that have a release of free energyCellular respiration


Metabolic Control + Enzymes

  • Most enzymes not only have an active site, but also an Allosteric Regulation


Allosteric Regulation - Cofactors/Coenzymes bind to atom and change active site of enzymes

  • Allosteric Activation - Changes shape of active site so enzyme is turned on and works

  • Allosteric Inhibition - Changes shape of active site so the enzyme is turned off and doesn’t work


Coenzyme - Allows redox reactions to proceed

  • Ex: ATP - provides activation energy to start reactions whenever needed

    • Breaks bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups, giving off the potential energy, can spend and refill

    • Stores (Endergonic) and releases (Exergonic)


Feedback Inhibition - Final product of a process decreases/stops the process once the product is made

  • Negative loop


Electron Transfer Chains and Redox Reactions

Metabolic reactions may be Redox reactions, Redox reactions transfer electrons between atoms.

  • REMEMBER: The electron that has a charge is being reduced


Electron Transfer Chains - Can be formed with many Redox reactions over and over, releases energy in small amounts (slow) and fuels many reactions in a cell

A

Homeostasis Study Guide (Chapter 5, Cengage Biology Honors)

ALL REVIEW Q’S   HOMEOSTASIS GIZMOS


Feedback Loops

CLASS PRESENTATIONS


Positive vs. Negative Feedback Loops


Positive

Negative

Results in amplification

Results in stabilization















Graphic by Tanisha Kurani


Feedback Loop Examples



Example

Information

Blood Clotting

Group of blood cells, platelets, and protein clumped together over a wound to stop bleedingNegative loopBleeding (input) is stopped by clot (output), reverses direction of blood

Ice-Albedo

Albedo - Amount of sunlight or radiation reflected by a surface Positive loopIce is highly reflective, it reflects some sunlight back to space, heating the ocean up and melting more and more ice.

Body Temperature

Receptors are stimulated by a discrepancy from the normal 98.6 degrees F and send a signal to control centerControl center decides whether to vasodilate (cool down) or vasoconstrict (heat up) and sends a signal to effectors w/ decisionEffectors execute the decision w/ sweat glands or muscle contractionNegative loopThe body loses or retains heat to stabilize yourself to a particular temperature

Labor/Giving Birth

More pressure on cervix stimulates receptor cells that releases oxytocinOxytocin goes back to cervix and simulates contractionsPositive loop - Contractions go back to more pressure on the cervix until baby is born

Fruit Ripening

Acidic levels rise and amount of simple sugars increase, activating fruit ripening enzymesEnzymes cause the ripened fruit to ripen more fruit

Guard Cells/Stomata

Guard cells = 2 epidermal cells that open and close stomatal poresStomata = Tiny substance essential to photosynthesis, made up of guard cellsTakes in CO2, releases O2 Stomata must open to release water, but when it opens, leads to water going in and needing to refillNegative loop


Transport


BIGELOW SLIDES    PARAMECIUM GIZMOS   __OSMOSIS PRACTICE PROBLEMS__STUDY BOOKLET (HANDED OUT IN CLASS)   OSMOSIS GIZMOS    PRACTICAL APPLICATION    PRACTICAL APPS WORKSHEET


Factors that influence diffusion:

  1. Concentration

  2. Temperature

  3. Size

  4. Charge

  5. Pressure


Concentration

  • Concentration gradient - adjacent regions with different concentrations


When a cell goes through passive transport or diffusion, it tries to travel from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient.


KEY VOCAB:

  • Solute: The thing being dissolved

  • Solvent: The thing dissolving the solute

  • Solution: The product once it’s dissolved


Passive Transport

  • Diffusion - The movement of atoms/molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

  • Osmosis - Diffusion relating to water

  • Facilitated diffusion - Diffusion where molecules pass through protein channel



Hypertonic - Outside > InsideIf the solvent is hypertonic, the solute is hypotonicEnds in shriveling up

Isotonic - Outside=InsideIf the solvent is isotonic, the solute is tooThe end goal of all diffusion

Hypotonic - Inside > OutsideIf a solvent is hypotonic, the solute is hypertonicEnds in swelling and ruptures


  • Turgor Pressure - Plants fill themselves with water to preserve structure

    • If it loses that water, it stops pushing and becomes soft

  • Osmotic Pressure - The amount of turgor needed to stop osmosis

  • Plasmolysis - Cell membrane pulling away from cell wall (opposite of turgor)


Active Transport

Active transport moves against the concentration gradient (low to high) and requires energy.


  • Protein pump - A pump that moves molecules across the membrane


Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Into the cell - uses cell membrane  to engulf materials 
Phagocytosis - The cell eats the particles and uses them for stuffPinocytosis - The cell drinks up the particles and uses it for stuffReceptor-Mediated - The cell uses receptors to target specific molecules

Fuses with cell


Examples


Bioenergetics


BIGELOW SLIDES


Energy - The ability to do work

Entropy - Unusable dispersed energy


Laws of Thermodynamics

  1. First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed

  2. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Energy tends to disperse spontaneously, always increasing entropy in a system


Potential vs. Kinetic Energy, Endergonic Exergonic

  • Potential energy - Energy that is stored in a fixed position or motion

    • Chemical energy - form of potential energy due to arrangement of atoms within the molecules

  • Kinetic energy - Energy of motion



Endergonic

Exergonic

Reactions that store energy into the moleculeCondensation, photosynthesis

Reactions that have a release of free energyCellular respiration


Metabolic Control + Enzymes

  • Most enzymes not only have an active site, but also an Allosteric Regulation


Allosteric Regulation - Cofactors/Coenzymes bind to atom and change active site of enzymes

  • Allosteric Activation - Changes shape of active site so enzyme is turned on and works

  • Allosteric Inhibition - Changes shape of active site so the enzyme is turned off and doesn’t work


Coenzyme - Allows redox reactions to proceed

  • Ex: ATP - provides activation energy to start reactions whenever needed

    • Breaks bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups, giving off the potential energy, can spend and refill

    • Stores (Endergonic) and releases (Exergonic)


Feedback Inhibition - Final product of a process decreases/stops the process once the product is made

  • Negative loop


Electron Transfer Chains and Redox Reactions

Metabolic reactions may be Redox reactions, Redox reactions transfer electrons between atoms.

  • REMEMBER: The electron that has a charge is being reduced


Electron Transfer Chains - Can be formed with many Redox reactions over and over, releases energy in small amounts (slow) and fuels many reactions in a cell

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