THirty years war fucking hell

Here are the 14 flashcards based on the material:

1. Overview of the Thirty Years' War

- Q: What was the Thirty Years' War and where did it take place?

- A: It was the last and most destructive of the wars of religion, fought in the Holy Roman Empire (1618-1648), involving Catholics, Protestants, Calvinists, and Lutherans.

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2. Fragmented Germany

- Q: How was Germany fragmented before the Thirty Years' War?

- A: Germany consisted of about 360 autonomous political entities, each with independence in political ideology granted by the Peace of Augsburg.

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3. Religious Division (1/2)

- Q: What was the religious composition of the Holy Roman Empire before the war?

- A: It was equally divided between Protestants and Catholics, with feuds over political and religious control in various regions.

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4. Religious Division (2/2)

- Q: What conflicts arose from the Peace of Augsburg?

- A: Catholic rulers demanded the return of church lands seized by Protestants, and Calvinists and Lutherans ignored these stipulations, leading to internal feuding.

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5. Calvinism and the Palatinate

- Q: How did Calvinism play a role in the lead-up to the war?

- A: Calvinism, unrecognized by the Peace of Augsburg, gained influence in the Palatinate under Frederick III, leading to alliances with anti-Spanish nations and further religious division.

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6. Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic League

- Q: What was Maximilian of Bavaria's role in the war?

- A: He led the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria and formed the Catholic League, which fielded an army under Count Johann von Tilly.

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7. Bohemian Period (1/2)

- Q: What sparked the Bohemian Period of the war?

- A: The Habsburg Ferdinand of Styria, determined to re-Catholicize Bohemia, revoked Protestant freedoms, leading to the "defenestration of Prague."

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8. Bohemian Period (2/2)

- Q: What was the outcome of the Bohemian Period?

- A: Ferdinand II's army defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, re-Catholicizing Bohemia and the Palatinate.

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9. Danish Period (1/2)

- Q: What happened during the Danish Period of the war?

- A: King Christian IV of Denmark, with support from England and France, was humiliated by Maximilian and forced to retreat from Germany.

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10. Danish Period (2/2)

- Q: What was the Edict of Restitution (1629)?

- A: It reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of church lands that Lutherans had acquired since 1552.

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11. Swedish Period (1/3)

- Q: Who led the Protestants during the Swedish Period of the war?

- A: Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden, a devout Lutheran king, became the leader of the Protestant forces.

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12. Swedish Period (2/3)

- Q: What was Gustavus Adolphus' key contribution to the war?

- A: He revolutionized warfare with fire-and-charge tactics, leading his forces to a decisive victory at Breitenfeld in 1630.

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13. Swedish Period (3/3)

- Q: What happened to Gustavus Adolphus during the war?

- A: He was killed by Wallenstein's forces at the Battle of Lutzen, and Wallenstein himself was assassinated by order of Emperor Ferdinand II.

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14. Treaty of Westphalia

- Q: What were the key outcomes of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)?

- A: It nullified the Edict of Restitution, recognized the independence of the Swiss Confederacy and the Netherlands, and left Germany politically fragmented.

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