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Biological Terms and Definitions

  • Cell:

    • The smallest unit that is able to perform the basic functions of life.
    • Represents the basic building block of all living organisms.

  • Unicellular:

    • An organism that is made up of a single cell.
    • Examples: Bacteria, Amoeba.

  • Multicellular:

    • An organism that is made up of many cells.
    • Includes organisms like humans, plants, and animals.

  • Microscope:

    • An instrument that uses glass lenses to magnify objects.
    • Essential tool for viewing cells and microorganisms.

  • Bacteria:

    • A large group of unicellular organisms that sometimes cause disease.
    • Examples: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus.

  • Cell Membrane:

    • The outer boundary of the cytoplasm; controls what enters and leaves the cell.
    • Function: Protects the cell and helps maintain homeostasis.

  • Cytoplasm:

    • A thick gelatin-like material contained within the cell membrane.
    • Contains organelles and is the site for many metabolic reactions.

  • Nucleus:

    • Structure in a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material that a cell needs to reproduce.
    • Acts as the control center of the cell.

  • Eukaryotic Cell:

    • Has a nucleus which contains genetic material.
    • Example organisms: plants, animals, fungi.

  • Prokaryotic Cell:

    • A cell that lacks a nucleus and other organelles, with DNA that is not organized into chromosomes.
    • Examples: Bacteria and Archaea.

  • Organelle:

    • Structure in a plant or animal that is enclosed by a membrane and performs a specific function.
    • Examples include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.

  • Cell Wall:

    • Protective outer covering that lies just outside the cell membrane of plant cells.
    • Provides structure and support to the cell.

  • Chloroplast:

    • An organelle in a plant cell that contains chlorophyll.
    • Function: Site of photosynthesis.

  • Mitochondria:

    • Organelles that release energy by using oxygen to break down sugars.
    • Known as the powerhouse of the cell.

  • Specialization:

    • Specific organization of a cell and its structure that allows it to perform a specific function.
    • Allows for division of labor among cells.

  • Tissue:

    • A group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job.
    • Types include muscle tissue, connective tissue, etc.

  • Organ:

    • Structure in a plant or animal that is made up of different tissues working together.
    • Examples include the heart, lungs, and leaves.

  • Organ System:

    • Different organs and tissues working together.
    • Examples include the digestive system, respiratory system.