Midterm_Review_Guide

Week 1: Scientific Inquiry/Metric (Page 3)

• Scientific Method

  • Definition of a hypothesis - testable statement of what the researchers predict will happen.

  • Examples of creating a testable/controlled experiment

• Variables

  • Types of variables: dependent- what changes depending on the independent variable. independent- what you change. control- what does not change

  • Importance of control variables in experiments- control variables are important to see results as it is what would happen with no change.

• Metric Conversions

  • Simple conversions: mL to L-divide ml by 1000

    g to kg- divide by 1000

    Celsius to Fahrenheit- multiply C by 9/5 then add 35

• Order of Scientific Method Steps

  • List and define the steps

    Question- what needs to be answered

    Hypothesis- testable statement of what the researchers predict will happen

    experiment- procedure to test the hypothesis

    analysis- exam data from the experiment

    conclusion-compare results to hypothesis

Week 2: Microscopy + Prokaryotes + Bacteria (Page 4)

• Microscopy

  • Use and identification of stereo/dissecting and compound microscopes

    ^review figure in lab manual

  • Total magnification and depth of field

    4x-25mm 10x-8.3mm 40x-0.5mm

• Taxonomy

  • Taxonomic categories for classifying organisms- Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

  • Familiarity with the three domains of life- Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

• Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

  • Distinguishing features- prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles unlike eukaryotes

    -Prokaryotes are divided into Archaea and bacteria (unicellular or colonial)

    • three shapes of bacterial cells: bacillus (rodlike shape, plural), coccus (spherical shape, plural), and spirillum (spiral shape, plural). Most bacteria is heterotrophs. Most heterotrophs are saprotrophs meaning they obtain nutrients from dead or decaying organisms. some may be parasites which cause disease in other organisms when obtaining nutrients.

    -Eukaryotes are only the domain eukarya

    • most are holographs that engulf food through vacuoles.

  • Levels of organization: unicellular, multicellular, colonial

• Nutritional Modes

  • Autotrophic and heterotrophic modes

    • heterotrophs- obtain nutrients from their environment

    • Autotrophs- produce their own nutrients.

• Domain Archaea

  • Environment, ecological role, significance, unique features, examples

    • harsh, hot environments found in open water this is why they are considered extermophiles.

• Domain Bacteria

  • Shapes, characteristics, ecological significance, reproduction

    • reproduction by binary fission- asexual form or conjugation- transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

• Antibiotics

  • Antibiotic experimentation and significance

• Cyanobacteria

  • Overview and importance

Week 3: Protists (Page 7)

• General Characteristics

  • Nutritional modes (autotrophy- ex. photosynthesis, heterotrophy) and reproductive patterns (asexually or sexually)

• Locomotion

  • Three main forms of locomotion - ciliates (move using hair-like projections called cilia), Flagellates (move using a whip-like flagellum) and Pseudopodia (amoeboid movement)

• Classification of Protists

  • Three groups based on characteristics

    • animal-like called protozoa

    • Plant-like called algae

    • Fungus-like are molds

• Diversity of Protists

  • Unicellular, multicellular, colonial forms

  • Autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixed modes

• Ecological Significance

  • Relationships with other organisms

    • serve as a producer of nutrients for other organisms

Week 4: Algae (Page 9-10)

• General Characteristics

  • Structures, functions, nutritional modes, reproductive patterns

• Evolutionary Lines

  • Three phyla: Red (phylum rhodophyta), Green (phylum chlorophyta), Brown algae (phylum phaeophyta)

• Algae Structures

  • Holdfast- anchors algae to rocks, stipe- stalk, blades- leaf-like structure

• Reproductive Processes

  • General methods of reproduction

    • smaller algae reproduce asexually by cell division or by fragmentation

    • Larger algae reproduce by spores

• Significance of Pigments

  • Importance of different pigments in algae

    • shows they absorb different light of different wavelengths depending on depth.

Week 5: Kingdom Fungi (Page 14)

• Reproduction

  • Asexual and sexual reproduction examples

    • plasmogamy

    • Karyogamy

• Nutritional Modes

  • Fungi as decomposers

• Fungi Structure

  • Roles of hyphae and sporangium

    • hyphae- thread-like filaments that makeup mycelium( non-reproductive body of a multicellular fungus)

    • Sporangium- enlarged structures at the ends of specialized hyphae

• Fungi Phyla

  • Four discussed phyla with examples

    • Phylum Zygomycota (zygote fungi) - black bread mold

    • Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)- yeast

    • Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi)- gilled mushrooms

    • Phylum Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)- penicillium

• Nutrient Absorption

  • Mechanisms of nutrient absorption

    • they are decomposers so they breakdown what is in their environment for nutrient.

Week 6: Terrestrial Plants (Page 20)

• Vascular vs Nonvascular Plants

  • Importance of vascular tissues:

    • xylem- transports water and minerals upwards from roots to shoots.

    • phloem- carries organic material upward or downward.

    • Without these tissues plants are limited in growth

• Plant Types

  • Moss plants (Phylum Bryophyta)

    • gametophyte dominant gen meaning it'll grow bigger and live longer than sporophyte.

    • Has Rhizoids- filament that anchors it to the soil.

  • Ferns (Phylum Pterphyta)

    • large leafs, underground stem, and Rhizome

    • Sori- small brown dots on the undersurface of leaflets.

  • Cone bearing plants (Phylum Coniferophyta)

    • Staminate (pollen) cones- small with paper thin scales

    • Ovulate (seed) cones- large with woody scales

  • Flowering plants (phylum Anthophyta)

    • well developed tissues and flowers (reproductive organs)

    • Seeds are disclosed within fruits

    • Stamens (male portion)- includes an anther supported by a filament

    • Pistol (female portion)- includes the ovary which has ovules (megasporangia) and the tip known as the stigma.

• Life Cycles

  • Understanding alternation of generations

Week 7: Flowering Plants (Page 25-26)

• Monocots vs Dicots

  • Monocots

    • one cotyledon, usually parallel veins, vascular bundles scattered, fibrous roots, and floral parts are in multiples of threes.

  • Dicots

    • Two cotyledon, usually netlike veins, vascular bundles form a ring, usually taproot, floral parts in multiples of four or five.

  Root Types and Growth Zones

  • Understanding root growth zones and stomata

    • taproot- single dominant root from which branches arise

    • Fibrous- number of similar sized roots that branch repeatedly

    • Adventitious- unique as they do not grow from the primary root of the embryo. They grow from stems or leafs.

    • Stomata- tiny openings inside the epidermal cell that are surrounded by guard cells.