Untitled Flashcards Set

The United States fares particularly well (e.g., diagnosis, treatment, low mortality) with regard to this disease when compared to other high-income countries:

Cancer

True/False: Recent data shows that the United States has more guns than people in our country.

True

All but which of the following are likely key reasons why population health in many US counties is stagnating or even getting worse:
A. weak policy investments (e.g. schools, economy, health care built environment)
B. Economic collapse (typically of one key industry)
C. Corporate influences: e.g., cars, fast food, opioids, firearms
D. Government in urban areas of the country hoard resources, thus leaving little in the way of investing for many countries in rural areas

D. Government in urban areas of the country hoard resources, thus leaving little in the way of investing for many countries in rural areas

True/False: Poll data show that a majority of U.S. adults are in favor or stricter gun laws.

True

A recent report from the NY Times shows that US mortality rates due to Covid-19:

are the highest of any high-income country with good data

Data from Add Health showed that which of the following groups was most likely to bring a weapon to school in grades 7-12:

students who were classified as not belonging to a group according to their position in the social network

Which of the following factors helped cause US income and wealth inequality to grow so quickly since 1980?
A) Substantial decreases in taxes, especially among very high earners
B) Declining membership in labor unions
C) Increasing percentage of poor people who are unwilling or too lazy to work
D) A & B only
E) A, B, and C

D) A & B only

A) Substantial decreases in taxes, especially among very high earners
B) Declining membership in labor unions

The US state and federal prison/jail population:

increased rapidly starting in the mid-1970s -- largely due to the "War On Drugs"

All but which of the following were discussed in class as strategies for reducing income and wealth inequality in the United States?

reduce tax on corporations so that prices will be lower for individual consumers

In the US in 1960, the highest marginal tax rate was 91%. This means that...

The highest income earners paid 91% of the highest part of their income in taxes.

President Reagan fired this large group of union workers who went on strike in 1981, thus illustrating that even unionized workers were at risk if they went on strike to bargain for higher wages and better benefits:

air traffic controllers

Based on the high-profile news coverage of scientific work focused on the relationship between religious attendance and mortality in the United States, it is clear that:

Consumers reading scientific findings that are reported in the media should read such reports with appropriate caution.

AD

Researchers in the 1970s and 1980s first began to identify mortality rate differences between religious denominational groups in the United States. Such findings demonstrated that:

Social contexts can exert social control and enhance social integration, thus influencing population health.

This group of African American adults exhibits especially high mortality rates in the United States:

Those who never attend religious services.

Research findings on religious involvement and the health/mortality patterns of U.S. adults may be of particular interest to policymakers because:

Policymakers may be able to better understand how social regulation and social integration influence health and apply such lessons to non-religious matters of public policy.

The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level—especially by the federal government to local areas or states—is called:

devolution

The process of removing or reducing regulations in the private transportation, food, or pharmaceutical industries is referred to as:

deregulation

The US health care system ___________.
does not explain why a US health disadvantage has emerged since the 1980s.

is disjointed, extremely expensive, and inefficient.

tends to be more focused on treatment and new technologies than prevention and primary care.

all of the above

all of the above

Which US age group tends to be as healthy or even healthier than their peers in other high-income countries?

75+

The gap in life expectancy between New York State and Mississippi:

favored New York State in 1980 by 1.6 years and now favors New York State by about 7 years.

Which of the following is true of the American health care system?

The United States is the only high-income democracy in the world without universal health coverage.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) ______.

includes a provided for Medicaid Expansion that must be approved by individual states; North Carolina just recently expanded Medicaid under the ACA

Life expectancy differences across US counties:

have grown over the last 40 years; life expectancy differences are now as wide as 20 years when comparing the healthiest and unhealthiest counties.

True/False: Add Health data showed that female students who were the most likely to become pregnant as teens were also those most likely to have friends who were not risk takers.

False

According to the "Inequality Parade" video with David Grusky and Lindsay Owens, why do Americans tend to underestimate the amount of income and wealth inequality in the U.S.?

Living in economically segregated neighborhoods limits our exposure to those who are not like us.

The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States:

substantially cut inheritance and business taxes, and reduced taxes on high-income earners

Generally, income inequality in the US ___ from 1928 to 1980, and has ___ since 1980.

decreased, increased

The "U-shaped" part of the curve between 1940 and 2000 corresponds with what trend?

The rise and eventual decline of union membership in the US

Your instructor's study on religious involvement and mortality in the United States:

provided interesting findings on how social control and social integration may be related to population health in the United States.

The terms "spatial and social context" refer to:

the places, institutions, and groups that structure the norms, behaviors, and health of people who are exposed to such influences.

Income is:

money received from labor, sale of goods, investments, and social benefits.

Americans own more guns per person than any other country on the planet, by far. This fact is strongly suggestive of the idea that:

high gun ownership is likely not associated with low crime and safety and that, in fact, the opposite is likely the case based on the best research on the topic to date.

AD

The instructor of this class is:

Dr. Robert Hummer

True/False: US residents subjectively (e.g., self-rated health) tend to rate themselves as having among the best health in the world; but objectively, the health of US residents is not as good as the residents of other high-income countries.

true

According to the "Inequality Parade" video by David Grusky and Lindsay Owens, the US is a(n) ______ poverty economy.

high

True/False: Ironically, while income inequality has risen sharply in the United States since 1980, wealth inequality has decreased because of excellent stock market returns that have benefited nearly all adult Americans.

false

The tax paid on each pack of cigarettes purchased in the United States:

is an easy example of how states can enact policy to influence population health.

Social networks:

resemble webs, with linkages between individuals.

Nicholas Christakis conducted research work on social networks and showed that:

A) people who do not even know one another can influence each other's health
B) networks change over time
C) clusters of people with similar characteristics tend to end up in networks
D) none of the above
E) A, B, C

E) A, B, C

Boone County, West Virginia and Fairfax County, Virginia were used in the textbook as examples of:

county-level inequalities in population health in the United States

The best cross-national data shows that the United States____ behind the world leaders with in terms of population health:

40-50 years

Firearm-related mortality data among children and adolescents ages 1-19 show:
A) substantial differences across US states, with the lowest rates in places like New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut, and the highest rates in places like Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.
B) substantially higher rates in all US states in comparison to other high-income democracies
C) substantially higher rates in Germany and Australia than in the United States
D.) Both A &B are correct

D.) Both A &B are correct

A) substantial differences across US states, with the lowest rates in places like New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut, and the highest rates in places like Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.

B) substantially higher rates in all US states in comparison to other high-income democracies

AD

True/False: Most U.S. research on the topic supports the idea that people who live in households that have guns are less likely to die from suicide or homicide compared with people who live in households with no guns

False

The upcoming movement of their production factory from upstate New York to rural Georgia shows that the gun manufacturer in Remington:

is being welcomed with open arms by the State of Georgia with very cheap land and millions of dollars in tax credits so that they can produce millions of guns each year for the American public

True/False: Research clearly shows that the key reason why the US has worse population health than our high-income peers is because of our expensive and disjointed healthcare system

false

True/False: The "Gini Index" measures income and wealth inequality, whereby a value of 0 is equal to complete equity and a value of 1 indicates that one person receives/owns all of the income/wealth

Fa;se

All but which of the following are examples of social contexts that may influence US population health:
A) Schools
B) Cigarette Smoking
C) Workplaces
D) Churches
E) Peer Groups

B) Cigarette Smoking

Your instructor's example of giving an invited talk at a medical conference that paid him $1500 and gave him a $200 pending account for his hotel room best illustrated which of the following points:

Conferences -- in this case focusing on cardiology -- may have corporate sponsorships that try to influence attendees through giveaways, payments, and allowances

The grieving parents of the Sandy Hook school shooting recently settled with Remington gun maker and its insurers for $73 million in a case that was especially important for police because:

it was the first time that a major settlement was reached in which a gun maker was held accountable for the weapons it produces, markets, and sells

True/False: The decline in union membership in the US over the past half century or so is associated with a decrease in income inequality in the country

False

Research demonstrates that more favorable population health and lower mortality among individuals in the United States is associated with which of the following religious characteristics:
1) More frequent prayer
2) Less frequent prayer
3) More frequent religious attendance
4) Less frequent religious attendance
5) Religious factors are unrelated to population health in the United States

3) More frequent religious attendance

Which of the following is true about income and wealth?
A) Income is the flow of money received in a finite period of time and wealth is what you own in various forms minus what you owe.
B) The interest you receive on investments does not count as income but counts as wealth.
C) Income and wealth are the same thing.
D) Wealth is the flow of money received in a finite period of time and income is what you own in various forms minus what you owe.
E) Economic inequality refers to unequal access to income, but not unequal access to wealth

A) Income is the flow of money received in a finite period of time and wealth is what you own in various forms minus what you owe.

AD

The four essential features of Fundamental Cause Theory are all BUT which of the following:
A) Flexible resources affect disease outcomes through multiple risk factors ("massive multiplicity of mechanisms"). B) Socioeconomic resources are less related to health than ever before because of the social programs that the US has in place to protect those who are low educated and poor.
C) The association between SES and health is reproduced over time via replacement of mechanisms.
D) Flexible resources influence multiple disease outcomes. E) Flexible resources of money, knowledge, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections are used to avoid risks or minimize consequences of disease once they occur.

B) Socioeconomic resources are less related to health than ever before because of the social programs that the US has in place to protect those who are low educated and poor.

Race and ethnicity are:
A)Different depending upon historical time and place
B)Learned through interactions with others
C)Social constructs created by societies
D)All of these statements are true

D)All of these statements are true

Which of the following is true about contemporary racial/ethnic disparities in health and mortality?
A) they typically show that African Americans and American Indians are the most disadvantaged
B) they typically show that Asians and Whites are the most advantaged
C) they show both some advantages and disadvantages for Hispanics
D) all of these are true statements about contemporary racial/ethnic disparities in health and mortality

D) all of these are true statements about contemporary racial/ethnic disparities in health and mortality

The "gender paradox" refers to the idea that:
A)On average, men tend to like meat and potatoes, and women tend to like fruit and vegetables
B) On average, females live longer lives than males but tend to do so in poorer health
C) On average, females live shorter lives than males but tend to do so with more favorable health
D) ImmigrantfemaleslivelongerandmorehealthylivesthanU.S.-born females
E) Males used to live longer lives than females in the United States (e.g., 1900), but that pattern changed around 1960

B) On average, females live longer lives than males but tend to do so in poorer health

Life expectancy for the transgender population in the United States is estimated to be:
A) 78 years
B) unknown
C) 83 years
D) 62 years

B) unknown