Untitled Flashcards Set

Study Guides For Chapters 13, 14,15, 16,17,18, 19 and 20

The following study guide is an outline of important concepts from different chapters. It doesn’t necessarily include everything in the chapter hence this guide should only be used as a reference. You should read and study everything that is covered in the lecture.

Each chapter guide will provide you with key terms that you should know about and are able to explain. The guide includes questions related to key concepts and topics.

CHAPTER 13:  How Populations Evolve?

Terms:

Taxonomy

Linnaean system

Fossils

Fossil record

Natural selection

Homology

Homologous structures

Vestigial structures

Genetic variation

Gene pool

Allele frequency

Hardy-Weinberg equation

Microevolution

evolutionary fitness

Reproductive success

Sexual selection

Sexual dimorphism

Important questions to think about:

·       What were the earlier ideas about evolution of species? And what evidence contradicted these ideas?

·       What was Lamarck’s idea about evolution?

·       What observations were made by Charles Darwin on his voyage? Based on these observations, what mechanism did Darwin proposed for evolution?

·       What are the different types of evidences that support Darwin’s idea of evolution?

·       What are fossils? What are the different types of fossils? Describe how they help us understand that life forms change?

·       What is evolutionary tree? What does it show? Can you interpret it?

·       Define population and describe the three mechanisms by which populations can evolve (or change) over a period of time?

·       What are the different mechanisms that cause genetic variation among individuals?

·       How do analysis of gene pools show populations evolve?

·       What are allele frequencies?

·       What is hardy Weinberg equation? What do we use it for?

·       What is microevolution? What mechanisms cause microevolution?

·       What is genetic drift? What are the two ways by which genetic drift can happen?

·       What is gene flow? How does it change allele frequencies?

·       How do sexual selection cause evolution?

·       What are the three outcomes of natural selection? How are they different from each other?

Chapter 14 : How biological diversity evolves?

Terms:

Species

Reproductive barrier

Allopatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Polyploidy

Adaptive radiation

Macroevolution

Radiometric dating

Geologic time scale

Plate tectonics

Exaptations

Analogous structures

Convergent evolution

Systematics

Cladistics

Clades

Phylogenetic tree

Important questions to think about:

How do we define species in living and fossilized organisms?

What is speciation?

What are the different types of reproductive barriers? How do they prevent speciation?

What is the difference between Allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation?

How do polyploidy cause speciation?

Which are the best places to study speciation events and why?

Review geologic timescale. Which era did majority of life forms originated? When did mammals diversified?

How do mass extinctions cause species to evolve and diversify?

What are the different underlying biological mechanisms by which macroevolution occurs? (Changes in genes, simple structures become complex, exaptation)

How are phylogenetic trees created using cladistics approach?

CHAPTER 15:  The Evolution of Microbial Life

Terms

Precell

Prokaryotes

Microbiome

Binary fission

Endospore

Bioremediation

Archaea

Halophile

Thermophile

Pathogen

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

Autotroph

Heterotroph

Mixotroph

Protozoans

Amoeba

Cilliates

Flagellates

Apicomplexans

Slime molds (cellular slime mold, plasmodial slime mold)

Unicellular Algae (Dinoflagellate, Diatoms, Euglena)

Multicellular Algae (Sea weeds)

Important questions to think about:

·       What is the four-stage hypothesis about the origin of life?

·       How did Stanley Miller’s apparatus demonstrate synthesis of organic molecules on early earth?

·       What were first genes like?

·       Describe a prokaryotic cell, and shapes of prokaryotic cell.

·       What are the different modes of nutrition of bacterial cell?

·       What is the role of bacteria in ecosystem?

·       What are the conditions in which Archaea live in?

·       What are Protists? What are their different modes of nutrition?

·       How are animal like protists different from plant like protists and how are they similar to each other?

CHAPTER 16:  The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

Terms

Charophytes

Stomata

Cuticle

Vascular tissue

Xylem, Phloem

Lignin

Alternation of generations

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Pollen grain

Ovules

Ovary

Seed

Fruit

Pollination

Fertilization

Hyphae

Mycelium

Symbiosis

Mutualism

Lichen

Mycorrhizae

Important questions to think about:

·       What is a plant? How is it different from algae?

·       What are the structural features that helped plants adapt to land?

·       What are the reproductive adaptations of plants that helped them adapt in terrestrial habitat?

·       What are the 4 major evolutionary splits that created four plant groups?

·       What are the major characteristics of the Bryophytes, Ferns (pterophytes), Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

·       Which plant group contributed to coal age forests/ fossil fuels?

·       Which feature of gymnosperms allowed these plants to adapt to land more successfully than ferns or mosses?

·       Which feature of angiosperms allowed these plants to adapt to land more successfully than ferns or mosses?

·       Identify the Angiosperm flower structures.

·       How is a fruit formed in Angiosperm plant?

·       What is fungi? What is its body made of? How does it obtain nutrition?

·       What are the reproductive structures of fungi?

·       What are the different groups of fungi? what are their reproductive structures?

·       What is the role of Fungi in ecosystem?

Chapter 17: The Evolution of Animals

Terms

Body symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Radial symmetry

Body cavity

Cnidocytes

Polyp and medusa

Radula

Exoskeleton

Metamorphosis

Ectothermic

Endothermic

Amniotic egg

Tetrapod evolution

Hominins

Important questions to think about:

·       Define animal. What are the features that separates animals from plants, fungi?

·       What organism is a likely ancestor of animals?

·       What is Cambrian explosion?

·       Be familiar with the different ways that animals are classified (radial vs. bilateral symmetry,

·       acoelomate vs. pseudocoelomate vs. ceolomate)

·       Which organisms are classified under Porifera? And why?

·       How do sponges feed?

·       In what ways are sponges different from all other animal groups?

·       Describe the basic body plan of cnidarian and the two forms of Cnidarians.

·       What is the name of the stinging cells found in cnidarians?

·       What are the distinguishing features of flatworms (Platyhelminthes)?

·       How do flatforms get nutrition?

·       What are the distinguishing features of phylum Annelida? How is their body different from other worms? What are the major groups or annelids?

·       What separates phylum Nematoda from other worms?

·       What are the distinguishing features of Molluscs? What is their body plan? What are the 3 groups of Molluscs?

·       What are the distinguishing features of Arthropoda? Be familiar with the major groups of phylum Arthropoda?

·       How is phylum Echinodermata different than other groups? What is water vascular system?

·       What are the four key features of phylum Chordata?

·       Be familiar with different classes of phylum Chordata, specifically their distinguishing features.

·       Which groups of class Reptilia are ectothermic? Why are birds classified under class Reptilia?

·       What traits are shared by all mammals? What are the three groups of mammals? How do they reproduce?

·       What are primates? What are the three phylogenetic groups of primates? Be familiar with how humans have evolved.

Chapter 18: An Introduction to Ecology and Biosphere

Terms:

Ecology

Organismal Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Biomes

Wetlands

Estuaries

Pelagic realm

Benthic realm

Intertidal zone

Continental zone

Phytoplankton

Zooplankton

Climate change

Global warming

Important questions to think about:

·       What are the abiotic factors of biosphere that influence different interactions?

·       What are the differences between physiological and anatomical responses of individuals to environmental variations?

·       Be familiar with different aquatic biomes (salt concentration, and their zones)

·       How Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome Distribution?

·       Be familiar with different terrestrial biomes. (Temperature, precipitation, vegetation type and any abiotic factor (for example like fire or lightning) that causes major change in the biome

·       What is global water cycle?

Chapter 19: Population Ecology

Terms

Population

Population Ecology

Population density

Population age structure

Survivorship curve

Logistic growth model

Equilibrial growth model

Carrying capacity

Important questions to think about:

·       What kind of information does life tables provide?

·       What are the three types of survivor ship curves? And how are they different from each other?

·       What are the different life history traits that affect organism’s survival and reproduction?

·       Differentiate the two life history patterns: opportunistic pattern and equilibrial pattern.

·       Be familiar with the two growth models use to show change in population size

·       How do density dependent factors affect population size?

·       How do density independent factors affect population size?

Chapter 20 Community and Ecosystem Ecology

Terms

Biodiversity

Community

Community ecology

Ecological niche            

Mutualism

Predation

Herbivory

Pathogen

Parasite

Commensalism

Food chain

Trophic structure/level

Food web

Keystone species

Conservation biology

Restoration biology

Important questions to think about:

·       What are the four causes of declining biodiversity?

·       What are interspecific interactions?

·       What is competitive exclusion principle?

·       What is keystone species and how does it affect community diversity?

·       What is primary ecological succession and how is it different from secondary ecological succession?

·       Understand how energy flows through energy pyramid. How much energy is passed along and how much energy us lost?

·       Understand biogeochemical cycling, Carbon cycle, Phosphorus cycle and Nitrogen cycle.