Unit 5

[The Enlightenment, Explained] 5.1: The Enlightenment

Enlightenment

• AN intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, empiricist approaches to both the natural and human relationship.

  • The Enlightenment

    • Rationalism

      • Reasons, rather than emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge.

    • Empiricism

      • The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation.

        During the scientific revolution in Europe, scientist tossed biblical and religious authority out the window and used the rigorous process of reason to discover how the world really worked.

  • New Belief systems

    • Deism

      • Exceedingly popular among Enlightenment thinkers

    • Atheism

      • Complete rejection of religious belief and any notion of divine beings.

  • Political Ideas

    • Individualism

      • The most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups.

    • Natural Rights

      • Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity.

    • Social Contract

      • Human societies endowed with natural rights, must construct government of their own will to protect their natural rights.

  • Effects of Enlightenment Ideas

  • Enlightenment Effects

    • Major Revolutions

      • Including the American, French, Haitian and Latin American Revolutions.

        The Enlightenment’s emphasis on the rejection of established traditions and new ideas about how political power ought to work played a significant role in each of the great upheavals.

        • Nationalism → A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory.

    • Expansion of Suffrage

      • Suffrage means the right to vote

    • Abolition of Slavery

    • End of serfdom

    • Call’s for Women’s suffrage

[Nationalism and Revolutions, 1750-1900] 5.2: Revolution

Causes of Revelations

• Causes of Revolutions

  • Nationalism

    • A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory.

      • Some states attempted to use this growing nationalistic fervor to their advantage in order to foster a sense of unity among their people.

  • Political Dissent

    • Widespread discontent with monarchist and imperial rule

  • New Wave of Thinking

    • New Ideologies

      • Popular Sovereignty

        • The power to govern was in the hands of the people

      • Democracy

        • People have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government

      • Liberalism

        • An economic and political ideology that emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property,and economic freedom.

The Atlantic Revolution

• New Ideologies

  • American Revolution

    • This victory was a real big deal because it provided the template for other nations throughout the world for a successful overthrow of oppressive power and the establishment of a republican style government.

  • French Revolution

  • Haitian Revolution

  • Latin American Revolution

Other National Movement

• Propaganda movement

  • Philippines (Spanish Colony)

    • Spanish controlled education

    • Only the wealthy creoles and mestizos got university education.

[How the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Began] 5.3: Britain Started It!

Industrial Revolution Defined

• The process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economics to industrial economies.

  • The industrial Revolution fundamentally changed the world’s balance of political power, reordered societies, and made industrial nations rich.

Why Great Britain Came First

• Proximity to Water way

  • Allowed the efficient and Rapid transportation of manufactured goods to various markets

• Geographical distribution of Coal and Iron

  • Powered by the burning of coal

    • → enabled Britain’s increased efficiency in the production of iron

• Abundant accesses to foreign resources

  • Had many amounts of raw material

• Improved Agricultural productivity

  • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, many places in Europe, especially Britain, experienced an agricultural revolution in which the amount of food grown on farms increased significantly.

    • Agricultural Revolution

      • Crop Rotation

        • Kept part of the land unplanted, so the fertility of the soil would be maintained.

      • Seed Drill

        • Ensured seeds could be planted more efficiently and accurately which led to less waste and greater harvests.

          The Columbian Exchange also played a role.

          The potato was introduced to Europe from the Americas and this highly caloric food diversified their diets, especially among impoverished folks in rural areas, and that in turn made them healthier and increased their life expectancy.

• Rapid Urbanization

  • Rural farmers → Moved to city

    • Rural to Urban migration

• Legal protection of private property

  • Britain passed laws protecting entrepreneurs

    • → Entrepreneurs felt safe to risk investment

• Accumulation of Capital

The factory System

• Factory

  • A place where goods for sale were mass-produced by machines

    • Concentrated production in a single location and was powered by moving water due to the Water frame.

[How SPREAD of INDUSTRIALIZATION from 1750-1900 5.4: INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS

The Effects of Stream power

• Steam Engine

  • A machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

    The Pace of the Industrial Revolution increased Rapidly

• Steamship

  • Mass produced goods could be transported further and faster

Shifting World Economics

• Industrialization factors

  • Proximity to Waterways

  • Coal and Iron

  • Access to Foreign Resources

  • Improved Agricultural Productivity

  • Urbanization

  • Legal protection of private property

  • Accumulation of Capital

    • Places that were in Eastern and Southern Europe

      • Lacked Abundant Coal Deposits

      • Land Locked

      • Hindered by historically powerful groups

        Countries in the Middle East and Asia who had previously been manufacturing powerhouses of the world started to see their share of production for the world decline.

        Ex. Decline of textile production in India and Egypt

Industrialized Nations Compared

• France began to Adopt Industrial technologies

  • Slower pace of Industrial Technology

    • Lacked Coal and iron

      Compared to Britain, France industrialized much slower, but that slower adoption meant the France was spared some of the intense social upheavals Britain experienced because of its rapid transition.

• United States industrialized

  • real fast

    • Massive territory

    • Political Stability

    • Rapid population growth

• Russia

  • Adopted the Railroad and steam engine technology

    • Constructed the Trans Siberian Railroads

      Although Russia’s industrialization project brought them somewhat on par with other industrial powers, the top-down approach yielded brutal conditions for workers.

      • Lead to the Russian Revolution

        Unlike the United States in which industrialization was largely driven from below by workers seeking new opportunities, Russia’s industrialization was a state-driven affair in response to Russia’s lagging development compared to Western Europe.

• Japan

  • Meiji Restoration

[TECHNOLOGY OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE] 5.5: Industrial tech!

Fuels and Engines

• First Industrial Revolution

  • Industrial Power

    • Coal

      • The main engine of the first industrial Revolution was the steam engine

    • Oil - Marker of the Second Industrial Revolution

      • The internal combustion engine was developed to harness the energy of gasoline

      Both of these sources of fuel dramatically increased the amount of energy available to humans during this period even if it came with significant environmental costs like air pollution.

Second Industrial Revolution technology

• Effects of new technology

  • Steel

    • The Bessemer Process combined Iron with Carbon and blasted hot air into it.

      • → Steel was far stronger and versatile than iron alone.

  • Chemical Engineering

    • Synthetic dyes were developed for textiles

    • Vulcanization was a process developed to make rubber harder and more durable

  • Electricity

    • Electric streetcars and subways were developed to provide mass transit in major cities that were becoming large and complex.

  • Telegraph

Effects of New technology

• Development of Interior Regions

• Increase trade and migration

  • → As a result states across the world were becoming more closely interlinked into a global economy

[Government Sponsored Industrialization] 5.5:Meiji Restoration

Egyptian (Ottoman) Industrialization

For states that adopted industrialization, mainly in western Europe and the United States, the transformation of their economies and their share of the global balance of power was fundamentally shifted in their favor

• The Ottoman Empire was struggling and declining due to internal corruption and conflicts and therefore had little energy or wealth to invest in industrialization.

• Tanzimat Reforms

  • Industrial Projects

    • Textile and weapons factories built

  • Agriculture

    • Government purchased crops to be sold on world market

  • Tariffs

    • Taxes on imported goods

    • Protected development of Egyptian economy

Japan Industrializes

• Factors in Japan

  • Western Powers

    • Western powers dominated other Asian states like China

  • Matthew Perry

    • U.S. commodore Matthew Perry came to japan with a fleet of steam powered ships stacked with guns

    Japan decided to initiate an aggressive state sponsored program of industrialization as a defensive measure against western domination.

• Meiji Restoration

  Japan sought to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful

  • Culture

    • Japan sent emissaries to major industrial powers to learn about their technology, culture, education system, and political arrangements and implemented it in their own state.

  • Government

    • Japan established a constitution that provided for an elected parliament, which they borrowed from Germany.

  • Infrastructure

    • The state funded building of railroads, the establishment of a national banking system and development of industrial factories for textiles and munitions.

[The Economies of the Industrial Revolution] 5.7: Industrial Economies

The Slow Death of Mercantilism

• Free-market

  • Market Driven

  • More fitted toward Industrial revolution

• Free Market Critics

  • Jeremy Bentham

    • Argued the cure for the suffering of the working class and society was not free market economies but government legislation.

  • Friedrich List

    • Rejected Global free market principles as a trick

    • His work led to the development of the Zollverein , a custom union that reduced trade barriers between German States but put tariffs on imported goods.

Trans-national Corporation

• A company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries.

  • Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

    • Opened in 1865 in Britain controlled Hong Kong to organize and controlmBritish imperial ventures.

  • Unilever Corporation

    • A joint company established by the British and the Dutch that manufactured household goods, most known for soap.

• New Financial Markets

  • Stock Markets

  • Limited Liability

Effects of Industrial Capitalism

• Rising standard of living

• Rise in consumers goods

• Middle Class

[Reactions to the Industrial Revolution] 5.8: Calls for Reform!

Calls for Reforms

• Political Reforms

  • Conservatives and Liberals in Britain and France incorporated social reforms into their platforms because people who wanted reforms were voting.

• Social Reforms

  • Working class people organized themselves into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events.

• Educational Reforms

  • High paying jobs became more technical and specialized, and compulsory education prepared children for these kinds of jobs

• Urban Reforms

  • Governments passed laws and invested in sanitation structure like sewers.

Rise of Labor Unions

• Labor Union

  • A collective of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests

  • Ex. German Social Democratic Party

Ideological Reactions: Marxism

• Karl Marx

  • Believed Capitalism unstable by nature

  • Created sharp class division

  • Called “Scientific Socialism” - classless society

China Attempts Industrialization

• Opiums wars

• Unequal treaties

• Self-strengthening movement

Ottoman Modernization

• Sick man of Europe

• Tanzimat Reforms

  • Built Textile factories

  • Implemented Western-style law codes and courts

  • Expansive education systems

    • All were more secular in nature and divorced from historic islamic character of the empire

• Young Ottoman

  • → Desired a european style parliament and a constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans.

[Society and the Industrial Age - Changes!] 5.9: New Social Classes

New social Classes

• Industrial Working Class

  • Made up of factory workers and miners

  • Benefits

    • Their wages were higher than in many of the rural places they came from

  • Cost

    • Danger of factory working and mining

    • Crowed living conditions in shoddy tenements

    • Spread of diseases

    • Mind-numbing repetitive work fell on them

• Middle Class

  • Benefitted the most from industrialization, including white collar workers such as wealthy factory owners and managers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers.

  • Could afford manufactured products that improved their quality of life and some in the upper middle class could buy their way into aristocracy.

• Industrialists

  • At the top of the social hierarchy, the wealth they gained by owning industrial corporations allowed them to become more powerful and the traditional landed aristocracy.

Women and Industrialization

• Working class women

  • Worked wage-earning jobs in factories since their husband’s wages were not sufficient to sustain a family (if they were married)

  While children were still working, they were doing so apart from the traditional context of the family.

• Middle Class women

  • Husband earned enough money to support the family.

  • In general, they did not work

  • Remained in their “separate sphere”

Challenges of Industrialization

The rapid pace of Industrialization meant that industrial cities grew far to quickly for their infrastructure to keep up.

• Industrial Problems

  • Pollution

  • Housing shortage

  • Increased Crime