Food and the Human Environment Comprehensive Final

astest growing ethnic group in the U.S - Asians

Enculturation - The process of handing down manners and understandings in common to a culture from one generation to the next

Example of incorporation - Eating walnuts to improve brain function

Examples of core foods in Greek culture - Lambs and legumes

When considering diet in the context of other cultures, food habits can be classified according to nutritional impact. Which category of food habits is the first factor that should be considered? - Foods that have positive health consequences and should be encouraged

% of adults in US that used some form of CAM during 2007 - 38%

General dietary guidelines for health that are similar to those of the US have been developed for many countries and usually include what concepts? - Balance and moderation

Assimilation - Fully merging into a new culture

Acculturation - Adaptation to a new majority society

Medical pluralism - Consecutive or concurrent use of multiple different health practices

What cultural group believes a person's family should be involved in all health care decisions? - Middle Easterners

Examples of low-context cultures - Swiss, Germans, Scandinavians

Part of the body most sacred to many cultures - Head

Most relevant aspect of messages to clients? - Content

Osteopathic medicine - Blood and lymph flow as well as nerve function

Agricultural intensification - Making most out of old lands

Agricultural extensification - New lands

In India, fasting practices vary according to - Caste and family membership, degree of orthodoxy, age, and sex

Traditional bread during Sabbath in Judaism - Challah

Food supply of those individuals who are chronically undernourished is - Less than 2,000 calories per day

Fasting practices for Roman Catholics - Only one full meal at midday is permitted with smaller meals in the morning and evening

Deity over food and cooking - Annapurna

Percentage of women who are anemic - 40%

Percentage of women who make up the world's hungry - 60%

Oldest religion in the world - Hinduism

Kashrut - Jewish dietary laws

Glatt kosher - Strictest kosher standards

What foods are typically provided in government provisions for Native Americans? - Peanut butter, canned/chopped meat, powdered milk

What is one main aspect of the Native American worldview? - Live in harmony with the Earth, balance of spirit, social, and physical needs

Which of these is an example of Southwestern etiquette practices? - Men preparing game they hunted and serving it to women

What was the main source of game/meat for Plains tribes? - Bison

What is used to maintain health in Southern Europe? - Charms, Maghi

Which of these dishes is not from British or Irish descent? - Beignets

Basque Country, which is primarily Roman Catholic, is located in Northern... - Spain

Which diet is most typified in Southern Italy and Spain? - Mediterranean diet

What country snacks between the 4 meals a day that are consumed? - Spain

Which country is ranked ninth in the world for cardiovascular disease death? - Russia

Most important staple food to the FSU and Central European Region - Meat

For Scandinavians, what food is considered most necessary for good health? - Fish

What is the largest ethnic group in the nation? - Germans

In what country is it considered an insult to the cook to cut dumplings, potatoes, and pancakes with a knife? - Germany

In the past, West Africans had a specific order for serving food. Which is the correct order from first served to last? - Men, boys, girls, then women

What meat in the African diet was considered a prestigious meat, reserved for special dishes and guests? - Chicken

Lifestyle factors related to type 2 diabetes for African Americans - Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, Westernized dietary habit

Term for culture developed during the slave period combining white and West African influences - Black Creole

Percentage of Long Island Cuban Americans who share Santeria beliefs - 20%

Important ways of maintaining health amongst Caribbean islanders - Prayer, lighting candles to saints

Caribbean islanders in America consume more of what than their traditional culture? - Soda

Biggest religion practiced by Caribbean Islanders - Roman Catholic

Percentage of Asians who are lactose intolerant - 75%

Not permitted to slurp in Japanese culture - Tea

Not a cornerstone in Confucianism religion - A mixture of ancestry worship and respect for forces of nature and heavenly bodies

Not an indigenous food to China - Peanuts

Languages commonly spoken by Mexicans - Spanish, French, Portuguese, Native Indian

State not part of the four regions with Mexican influences on food - Louisiana

Religion practiced by most Central Americans - Roman Catholic

Commonly used by Central Americans for therapeutic purposes - Tea

Religion of the majority of Americans of Filipino descent - Roman Catholic

In Vietnam, who is served first? - Eldest person

Samoans believe health is maintained through all of the following except - Belief in God

Varieties of seaweed consumed in the Pacific Islands - 40 or more

Blood deficiency due to excessive bleeding - Kam Kuhm

Dessert made from paper-thin pastry sheets called filo or phyllo - Baklava

Culture practicing high-context communication - Balkan or Middle Eastern

Main meal of the day for Arab Americans - Dinner

Rates of diabetes in Native Americans - 2-4x higher than the general population

Tribe with highest rates of type 2 diabetes - Pima Indians

Not a staple food of Native Americans - Wheat

The Three Sisters - Corn, beans, squash

Obesity concerns in Native Americans - 20% above average

Common belief in Italy - Evil eye

Northern Europeans have a high rate of what? - Hereditary hemochromatosis

Most important holiday in Greece - Easter

Tapas - Snacks in Spanish cuisine

How Central Europeans prepare vegetables - Cold temperatures, preserved by pickling, fermenting, and drying

Chitlins - Intestines

African American population problem with pregnancy - Postpartum pica

Leading African American health problem - Hypertension

Hot/Cold theory of illness - Hot illness treated with cold foods

Staple grain in Mexico - Corn

Staple starch that must be cooked due to toxins - Cassava/Manioc/Yuca

Korean etiquette: who is served first? - Elders served first, children served last

Japanese American alcohol consumption - Men have high rates of heavy drinking

How is Japanese food different from other Asian food? - Visual appeal

Pacific Islander commonly consumed meat - Pork

In Iran, giving birth is a result of - Cold foot diet

Predominant health belief in Middle Eastern culture - Air and wind = illness

Process that has improved food production in the West - Irrigation

A minority group moving into a larger dominant culture assuming all the manners and values of the majority, while shedding their own is called? - Assimilation

The need for humans to experiment with new food choices, but at the same time to be conservative and eat familiar foods is? - Omnivore's paradox

A process of adaptation to a new majority society? - Acculturation

"The individual is usually defined by group association" describes what type of culture? - High-context

Best definition of culture - The beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices of a community of individuals

Complex rules that define how humans eat meals are called - Manners

An important consideration in what constitutes a meal is - Portion size

In biomedical culture, three causes of disease are identified: - Immediate causes, underlying causes, and ultimate causes

When a healthcare provider imposes their beliefs, practices, and values on a patient from another culture is called - Cultural imposition

A term used to describe overestimation of association in group membership and group behavior, often seen as a pitfall in healthcare relationships is? - Stereotyping

A cultural membership or social identity with shared patterns is defined by - Ethnicity

Core foods, core and complementary foods model example - Lamb, goat cheese, and legumes

Fastest growing ethnic group in the US - Asians

Process of passing down manners in the Wang family is known as - Enculturation

Foremost reason that herbs and spices have assumed an essential role in food habits - Palatability

As immigrants living in the US become acculturated, which of their habits are likely to be the last to change? - Food habits

Term describing the idea that all foods from throughout the world are available and often affordable, with a need for consistency and conservatism - American Paradox

When considering diet in the context of other cultures, which category of food habits is the first factor to consider? - Food use that has positive health consequences and should be encouraged

Believing that all other cultures eat "weird" foods is considered - Ethnocentric

Approximately what percentage of adults in the US used some form of CAM during 2007? - 38%

Most relevant aspect of messages to clients in the U.S. healthcare system? - Content

Term for addressing the experience of illness, alleviating infirmities of the sick, and responding to personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness? - Healing

In many non-U.S. cultures, being ________ is considered a protective factor indicative of health and beauty. - Overweight

General dietary guidelines for health that are similar to those of the U.S. have been developed for many countries, and usually include what concept(s)? - Balance and moderation

What type of medicine proposes that blood and lymph flow as well as nerve function improves through manipulation of the muscular skeletal system? - Osteopathic

The consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems is called? - Medical pluralism

Communication in high-context cultures is analogous to which expression? - Read between the lines

When meeting a person for the first time, the only data that speakers usually have to work with come from? - Their own cultural norms

A small power distance is associated with? - People seen as equals, questioning instructions, sitting at the same level

Which cultural group is most likely to avert their eyes as a sign of respect? - Japanese

What is the belief of the majority of the American worldview considering fate? - Personal control over fate

Mr. Hanson is a 62-year-old male who was born in Copenhagen, Denmark and has been living in the US with his wife and two kids for the last 10 years. He works as an accountant at a large firm and completes his responsibilities one at a time before going to the next. He hasn't been feeling very well and asks lots of questions to the doctor. What cultural traits are associated with Mr. Hanson? - High-context, monochronic

During Mr. Hanson's visit, you might expect to pay more attention to the doctor's ______ than his ______? - Verbal content than the nonverbal cues

What term best describes a culture in which time is less valued and multitasking is preferred? - Polychronistic

Which part of the body is the most sacred to most cultures and should not be touched? - Head

What are three health habits that nearly all cultures identify as health-preserving? - A good diet, sufficient rest, and cleanliness or hygiene

Patients in the healthcare setting are often worried and may frequently be in pain or fearful of outcomes, and these personal conditions may be barriers to effective? - Communication

When sickness is assumed to be due to the actions of the patient, reasons for illness might include? - Food and exercise choices

The Swiss Germans and Scandinavians are examples of what type of cultures? - Low-context

In the mnemonic CRASH, the S letter stands for what? - Sensitive

In the mnemonic CRASH, the H letter stands for what? - Humility

Eating walnuts to improve brain function is an example of a(n) ________ of food association? - Incorporation

Which of the following is an adaptive strategy used to obtain food in non-industrialized societies? - Foraging, horticulture, and pastoralism

Which of the following statements is true for processing foods in industrialized societies? - Farming is becoming more corporate, more of a delocalized system, and it relies on a decreasing number of farmers

An entire band of pastoralists, including women and children, that move with their herd or goats is referred to as? - Pastoral nomadism

What is agricultural intensification out of existing lands? - Improving the production out of existing lands

What is agricultural extensification? - Cultivating new lands

Which of the following are characteristics of foragers? - Live off the land and eat locally available foods without over-exploiting the resources, temporary housing

Diet of foragers? - Highly varied, as they eat whatever is available, sufficient nutrients

Which of the following are characteristic of horticulturalists? - Must find ways to supplement their starchy staples with a higher protein content, all they have is the plants they cultivate

Characteristics of contemporary peasant agriculturalists include? - Very labor-intensive methods of food production

In peasant agriculture, domesticated animals, especially cattle and horses, play an important role in? - Fertilizer, produce crops, plowing

Which of the following describe the Industrial Revolution? - Fossil fuels replaced human and animal labor, more complex irrigation systems, brought many technologies together

Terracing of land allows for cultivation of crops in what kind of areas? - Mountainous areas

The International Conference on Nutrition determines that globally there is enough food for all, but there is? - Inequitable access is the main problem

The food supply of those individuals who are chronically undernourished is those that are? - > 2,000 cal/day

In relation to malnutrition and hunger, micronutrient deficiencies are especially widespread with _________% of women being anemic? - 40%

Women make up a little more than half the world's population, but they account for over _________% of the world's hunger? - 60%

Urbanization results in increased obesity linked to? - Sedentary lifestyle

What is the major cause of hunger and malnutrition? - Poverty

Nutrition transition is a shift in physical activity patterns and a ________? - Greater dietary intake of fat and refined sugar

The mortality rate of children under the age of 5 is a good measure of the mother's knowledge of public health services related to? - Immunizations, availability of prenatal and other health care services, safe foods and safe sanitation

Inadequate dietary intake in children can lead to? - Decreased immune function

In developing countries, 1 in _____ children are born underweight? - 6

99% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries due to? - Infectious disease, blood loss, and unsafe abortion

What self-described religious affiliation is identified by the highest percentage of the population in the U.S.? - Protestant

Kashrut is the dietary laws for what religion? - Judaism

What term represents the strictest kosher standards? - Glatt

In what country are eggs typically dyed red for Easter? - Greece

Religions have a variety of dietary laws dealing with? - The slaughter of meat

Two examples of specific religious guidelines dealing with how to slaughter meat include? - Kashrut, halal

Worldwide, which religion is followed by the most people? - Christianity

The first five books of the Hebrew Bible are the Torah-where dietary laws are? - Found

The fast of Ramadan is broken with? - Water and dates (odd number of dates)

What results from violating the laws of health for the Seventh-day Adventist? - Sickness

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) try to follow the Mormon laws of health in relation to dietary matters including not having coffee, tea, alcohol, and caffeine. Which of the following is not widely practiced by Seventh-day Adventists? - Vegan diet

Halal food are foods that are? - Permitted or lawful

______ is the most frequently prohibited food across cultures? - Meat

Hindus are not all vegetarian, but cows are considered sacred, and the meat of the cow is considered? - Forbidden

Dr. John Kellogg developed cereal for which religion? - Seventh-day Adventists

Elaborate rules regarding food and drink for followers of Hinduism are meant to do what? - Lead to purity of mind and spirit

In India, fasting practices vary according to? - Past and family membership, degree of orthodoxy, age, and gender

The traditional bread served during the Sabbath in Judaism is called? - Challah

What sect of Judaism do most Jews in the United States belong to? - Ashkenazi

In regard to daytime fasting, Ramadan Muslims are allowed to consume what? - Nothing

In the Jewish dietary laws, eggs, fruits, veggies, and grains are considered what? - Pareve, meaning neutral

It is estimated that 60-80% of Ashkenazi Jewish people have an intolerance to? - Lactose

Fasting practices for Roman Catholics include? - Only one full meal for lunch, and smaller meals for breakfast and dinner

In Hinduism, the lady over food and cooking is named? - Annapurna

Included in the practice of Buddhism, monks ________ follow a simple life and are usually vegetarian.

The three dominant Christian branches are? - Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Protestant

According to Islamic dietary laws, which foods are not permitted? - Alcohol

Native American approach to life: Harmony

Sweetener associated with the northeast and Native Americans: Maple syrup

Group of Native Americans who often ate raw foods: Alaska Native

First corn harvest celebration for southern Native American nations: Green Corn Festival

Staple foods common to many Native American nations: Beans, corn, squash (the three sisters)

Native American religions characteristic: Religion permeates all aspects of life

Food significant in Native American healing ceremonies: Corn

Incidence of type 2 diabetes among Native Americans compared to the general population: 2-4 times as great

Harmful substance in acorns: Tannic acid

Worldview related to family structure and view of food and health in mainstream America: Typical of the British

Largest producer of olives: Spain

Descendants of French Canadian immigrants in Louisiana: Cajuns

Parts of the animal often discarded: Offal

Disease prevalent among northern Europeans: Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Four meals of the day in Great Britain: Breakfast, lunch, tea, evening meal

Key characteristics of the Mediterranean diet: High intake of monounsaturated fats, high intake of phytochemicals, low intake of animal fats, high intake of complex carbs

Traditional dish served on New Year's Eve in Scotland: Haggis

Religion with the highest membership in Italy and Spain: Roman Catholic

"Heavy" foods for Italians: Fried foods

Scandinavians' communication style: Low-context communicators

Grain that grows well in colder countries, especially in FSU and Scandinavia: Rye

Predominant religion in Norway: Lutheran

Most important staple food in FSU and Central Europe: Bread

Core food of Scandinavian diet: Fish

Smorgasbord: A large variety of hot and cold dishes laid out for diners to serve themselves

Topic likely avoided in Scandinavian conversation: Illness

Soup made from beets popular in Russia: Borscht

Czech preparations for carp at Christmas: Four ways

Significant health problem affecting African Americans: Hypertension

Practice of eating non-nutritive substances: Pica

Staple food crop not in Africa: Rye

Common foods in Yoruba cuisine: Pounded yam, melon soup

African staple starch with toxic substance: Cassava

African American holiday created in 1966: Kwanzaa

Tea made to cure stomachaches among Black people: Yellowroot

Kneeling or prostrating is important in which culture?: Nigeria

Blood disorder prevalent among African Americans: Sickle cell disease

Mexican culture supervisors of home remedies: Mother and grandmother

Hot condition relieved by cold foods in Mexican culture: Pregnancy

Flatbread of Mexico: Tortilla

Two staples of daily diet in Central America: Beans and corn

Scoville scale measures: Hotness (spiciness) of foods

Nutritional deficiencies common in Mexican Americans: Riboflavin and calcium

Chronic condition more common in Hispanics than whites: Type 2 diabetes

Central American immigrant population in the U.S.: Garifuna

Difference between foods of northern and southern Italy: North has richer stuffed dishes with cream sauces

Primary religion in South America: Roman Catholic

Food with earliest origins in Peru: Potatoes

Concerns with overweight and obesity among Caribbean Islanders: They may associate it with good health and prosperity

Most extensively used food group in China: Vegetables

Most important protein source in Japan: Seafood

Hottest cuisine: Thai

Dairy products consumed by Middle Easterners: Fermented

Grain most likely used to make bread in the Middle East: Wheat

Percentage of Asians who are lactose intolerant: 75%

Majority religious group in Pakistan: Islam

Most commonly consumed meat among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders: Pork

Best known food in Argentina: Beef

Predominant health belief in Middle Eastern culture: Wind or air causes illness

Cuisine created by French Acadians: Cajun

Region where most Americans live: South

Kimchi: Pickled and fermented vegetables (Korean dish)

Reason for dropping traditional practices in Pacific Islander culture: Acculturation, assimilation

Favored vegetable in the Middle East: Eggplant

Cuy: Guinea pig

Hindu classification system to evaluate spiritual purity of foods: Jati

Clarified butter in Hindu cuisine: Ghee

Dominant agricultural activity of mountainous states: Cattle and sheep

State called the "garden basket of New York": New Jersey