• Ulama - Scholars and exports in Islamic law.

• Viziers - Strong advisers who gained positions over sultans.

• Timar - Sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored.

• Sultan Mehmed II - Invited Jews to settle in Istanbul.

• Jizaya - tax required of all non-Muslims in the empire

• Akbar the Great - remembered for military successes and administrative achievements.

• Harem - residence where a powerful man’s wives and concubines lived

• Roxelana - Unusually powerful in the Ottoman Empire. Married Suleiman and commissioned ambitious public works projects.

• Barbary pirates - plied seas near North Africa along Barbary Coast

• Impressed - Forced into service, in the navy as galley slaves.

• Manchu - people from Manchuria that ruled over the majority Han Chinese and other ethnic groups.

• Queues - braided pigtail style of the Manchu. If you refuse you get executed

• Li Chengdong - orchestrated three separate massacres in the city of Jaiding in a month.

• Liu Liangzuo - massacred the entire population of Jiangyin, killing between 74,000 - 100,000 people.

• Nobility - also known as aristocracy. 2nd highest level in social hierarchy

• Louis XIV - said “I am the state”

• Sephardic Jews - Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain

• Ashkenazi Jews - Jews from central and Eastern Europe.

• Boyars - Noble landowners

• Serfs - peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble

• Ivan the Terrible - murdered his own son, defeated Novgorod, and forced the boyars to move to Moscow.

• Peninsulares - born on the Iberian peninsula

• Criollos - Europeans born in the Americas

• Castas - mixed-race ancestry

• Mestizos - mixed European and indigenous

• Mullatoes - mixed European and African

• Zambos - mixed indigenous and African

POST NOTES

• Social Categories - the ways that people understood the place of themselves and others within society.

• Ottoman Empire included major Arab, Christian, and Shia Muslim populations that faced varying levels of persecution and tolerance.

Changes to Ottoman state over time:

• Janissary disloyalty/ambition

• Harem politics

• Figurehead Sultans, powerful Viziers

• The Qing was China’s last imperial dynasty. They controlled the Han Chinese majority

• The queue signaled submission to the foreign Manchu rulers.

• Many Han were used to kill other rebellious Han, proving their loyalty by working for the Manchu.