Untitled Flashcards Set

APUSH UNIT 7 VOCAB STUDY GUIDE

Important Places

1. Hawaii

   1. U.S. secures exclusive rights to Hawaiian sugar

   2. Use of Pearl Harbor, strategically located on sea-lanes from California to China

   3. Overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and annexed to eliminate high U.S. tariffs on sugar

2. Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

   1. Surprise Japanese attack on U.S. Pacific fleet in Hawaii → U.S. leaves isolationism + joins WWII

3. The Philippines

   1. U.S. secured control through treaty of Spanish-American War in return for $20 million payment to spain

4. Puerto Rico

   1. One of U.S. acquisition of Spanish island through Spanish-American War in Caribbean

   2. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans and provided for limited self-government

5. Panama Canal

   1. U.S. desire for a canal through Central America connecting Atlantic and Pacific

   2. Canceled Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (any canal in C.A. under joint British-U.S. control)

      1. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): British agreement to let U.S. build canal alone

6. Santo Domingo 

   1. Deep financial debt to European creditors → enables Europeans to intervene

      1. Roosevelt declares that U.S. would intervene instead through Roosevelt Corollary

7. Railroads in China

   1. Taft wanted U.S. bankers to invest in railroads in China

   2. Manchuria (northern): U.S. excluded from railroad agreement b/w Russia + Japan

      1. Russia and Japan defied Open Door policy by treating Manchuria as a jointly held sphere of influence

8. Intervention in Nicaragua

   1. U.S. intervened w/ Nicaragua’s financial affairs + sent in marines (for civil war) to protect American investments

9. Fireside Chats

   1. Roosevelt went on radio to address American listeners that reopened banks after bank holiday were safe

10. Dust Bowl

    1. Region in Great Plains after drought and dust storms during the Great Depression

    2. Led to migration into California of displaced “Okies” and “Arkies”

11. Rhineland

    1. Region in western Germany, serving as demilitarized zone (Versailles Treaty of WWI)

       1. Hitler defied treaty + ordered troops to march here

12. Poland

    1. Germany invades, starting WWII in Europe b/w Britain + France vs Italy + Japan + Germany

    2. First to fall to Germany’s blitzkrieg (lightning war)

13. Sudetenland

    1. Hitler invades, justifying that it was a region of German-speaking people

    2. Munich Conf → Britain + France let Hitler take Sudetenland unpossed (appeasement) 

14. Manhattan Project

    1. Produced the first atomic weapons; Oppenheimer tested first atomic bomb in N.M

15. Casablanca

    1. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on a grand strategy to win WWII by invading Sicily and Italy + demand “unconditional surrender” from Axis

16. Yalta Conference

    1. Big Three conference to guide them after victory in Europe (led by U.S.)

    2. Germany divides into occupation zones, losing ¼ of land to Poland and USSR

    3. Eastern Europe holds free elections, under Soviet; + Soviets join war against Japan

    4. Soviets gained southern Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands, and special rights in Manchuria

    5. Create a new world peace organization (United Nations)

17. Potsdam

    1. Meeting b/w Stalin, Truman, Clement to negotiate terms for end of WWII

       1. Demand Japan's unconditional surrender + divide Germany and Berlin into four occupation zones

    2. After the Conference…

       1. Stalin wanted harsher treatment of Germany and saw atomic bomb as threat

       2. Truman aimed to challenge Soviets (Communist takeovers) in Eastern Europe

18. United Nations

    1. Allied reps from U.S., Soviets, Britain, and China proposed international peacekeeping organization after WWII

Unit Vocabulary

1. Darwinism: belief that natural selection and survival of the fittest apply to economy and global competition (+ Manifest Destiny)

2. Expansionists: acquiring territories overseas 

3. ‘Jingoism’: intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

4. 'Yellow Journalism’: using exaggerated or false stories to grab attention, often focusing on shocking or scandalous events

5. Spheres of Influence: Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany could dominate trade and investment within a region of China

6. Segregated Schools: U.S. law in California discriminated against Jap-Am; children attending was considered a national insult in Japan

7. Military Intervention: initially neutral until provocation → Selective Service Act

8. Muckrakers: investigative journalists who expose corruption in politics and business + social issues (child labor and poor living conditions) to the public

   1. Originated from Henry Demarest Lloyd, attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroad industry

9. Urban Middle Class: doctors, lawyers, storekeepers, white-collar office workers, and middle managers employed in businesses (+ Progressives ideals)

10. Protestants: native-born, older-stock Americans from elite families

    1. Followed a religious tradition that preached against vice, promoted social responsibility, and helped the poor through movements (Social Gospel)

11. Racial Segregation: enforced separation of racial groups in public spaces and institutions

    1. Legally in the South and unofficially practiced in the North

    2. Upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal)

12. Lynchings: violent execution of Black individuals by racist mobs, often w/o legal trial

13. Neutrality: U.S. policy to avoid involvement in foreign affairs to uphold isolationist ideals

14. Allied Powers: Britain, France, and Russia (WWI); U.S., Britain, USSR, China (WWII)

15. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (WWI); Germany, Italy, and Japan (WWII, Axis)

16. Submarine Warfare: a naval strategy in which submarines attack enemy ships without warning

    1. Germany used this tactic to challenge Britain’s naval blockade, declaring a "war zone" around the British Isles

17. Propaganda: widespread use of persuasive messaging for the war effort, demonize the enemy, and encourage participation in war bonds and military service

18. Self-determination: right of a nation or people to choose their own government and govern themselves without outside control

19. Service by African Americans: primarily in segregated units with limited opportunities for leadership and exclusion from the Marine Corps

20. Anti-German Hysteria: fear and distrust of Germans and its culture, leading to discrimination and violence against German Americans

    1. Anti-Communist hysteria, fueling xenophobia → Red Scare + restriction on immigration

21. Standard of Living: overall quality of life and material well-being of people during boom years

22. Scientific Management: a factory management system developed by Frederick W. Taylor that used precise timing to increase efficiency 

23. Assembly Line: workers stay in one place and repeatedly perform a single task

24. Welfare Capitalism: companies voluntarily offering improved benefits and higher wages to their employees in order to reduce their interest in joining unions 

25. Mass Media: newspapers and magazines used to spread political messages and influence public

26. Radio: a mass medium for entertainment, news, and information sharing

27. Aviation: technology and activity of flying airplanes

28. Uneven distribution of Income: disparity in income; economic success not shared equally by all

29. Gross National Product: the value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in 1 year

30. Self-Reliance: rely on oneself rather than government interference (Hoover policy during GD)

31. Three R's: help for unemployed (relief), fix economy and businesses (recovery), and improve economy (reform)

    1. Served in Roosevelt’s New Deal program

32. Modern American Liberalism: a government approach that regulates the economy, provides aid to poor and unemployed, and ensures economic security

33. Fascism: militarist ideology characterized by intense nationalism + dictatorship

    1. Example: Nazi Germany and Mussolini’s Italy

34. Civil Rights: equality

35. Braceros: an agreement that allowed Mexican-American farmers to temporarily come to the U.S. to fill agricultural jobs during WWII

36. Internment Camps: Japanese-Americans forced to stay at mass internment camps during WWII 

    1. Suspected loyalty to Japanese emperor (and racism)

    2. Constitutionality upheld by the Supreme Court in Korematsu v. United States

37. Kamikaze: suicide bombing technique used by Japanese pilots during WWII

38. Atomic Weapons: developed in Manhattan Project by Oppenheimer and Einstein

    1. Caused moral dilemma after the war due to their unprecedented power

39. Double "V": victory over fascism abroad, and over segregation at home

    1. Used by African-American soldiers + civil rights activists during WWII

Major Events

1. Sinking of the Maine: USS Maine exploded in Havana, Cuba during Spanish-American War

   1. The yellow press blamed Spain, but explosion was likely an accident

2. 19th Amendment: granted suffrage to women after contribution during WWI

3. Lusitania Sinking: first major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality due to German provocation

   1. Wilson sent a warning → “strict accountability” if it continues sinking unarmed ships

4. Zimmermann Telegram: British intercepted a German telegram that was sent to Mexico

1. Germans wanted Mexico to wage war against U.S. → U.S. enters WWI

5. Russian Revolution: dethroning of Russian czar, instituting a communist government in Russia

   1. Deterred Americans from allying with Russia during WWI because communism is Bad

6. Great Migration: mass movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of better economic opportunities

7. Palmer Raids: a series of actions to arrest and deport radicals, including anarchists, socialists, and labor leaders, in response to bombings

   1. Growing concerns about civil liberties caused anti-German hysteria to die down

8. Strikes of 1919: labor protests across the U.S. through peaceful strike for higher pay

9. Race Riots: violent racial conflicts in the U.S., fueled by racial tension, competition for jobs and housing, and the growth of the KKK

10. Birth of a Nation: portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as heroes

11. Back-to-Africa movement: started by Marcus Garvey and wanted all African Americans to return back to Africa

12. Black Tuesday: date of the stock market crash that caused the Great Depression

13. Stock Market Crash: mass sale of stocks on Black Tuesday, plummeting its value

    1. Resulted in mass foreclosure of banks, causing the Great Depression

14. Repeal of Prohibition: passed with the 21st Amendment which repealed the 18th Amendment

    1. Lifted bans on alcohol production + sale, to create more jobs during the Depression

15. Japanese Aggression in Manchuria: Japan invaded Manchuria to set up a puppet government

    1. The League condemned the invasion but did nothing to stop it, and Japan left the League

16. Spanish Civil War: a conflict b/w fascist forces led by General Francisco Franco and republican forces, known as the Loyalists

    1. U.S. aid was restricted by the Neutrality Acts

17. Battle of the Atlantic: Allies fought to control shipping lanes and counter German attacks

    1. Allies developed strategies, including radar, sonar, and bombing German naval bases

18. D-Day: largest invasion in history; led by Allies, Canadian, American, and British, to liberate Normandy from Germany

1. Enabled Allied advancements into Germany

19. Battle of Midway: considered as the turning point in the Pacific Theater during WWII

    1. US naval forces took out Japanese ships, stopping its progression and expansion in the Pacific

20. Hiroshima (1) & Nagasaki (2): atomic bomb dropped, causing Japan to surrender

    1. We’re so sorry to hear about your civilians they get five big booms