Animal Responses

Flashcard #1
Term: What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
Definition: Made up of the brain and the spinal cord

Flashcard #2
Term: What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Definition: Made up of the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Flashcard #3
Term: What does the somatic nervous system control?
Definition: Controls conscious activities, e.g., running and playing video games

Flashcard #4
Term: What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Definition: Controls unconscious activities, e.g., digestion

Flashcard #5
Term: What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Definition: Prepares the body for action; the 'fight or flight' system

Flashcard #6
Term: What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Definition: Calms the body down

Flashcard #7
Term: What do sympathetic nerves do?
Definition: Raises heart rate by secreting noradrenaline

Flashcard #8
Term: What do parasympathetic nerves do?
Definition: Slows heart rate by secreting acetylcholine

Flashcard #9
Term: What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?
Definition: Only stores and releases hormones (ADH and oxytocin) sent from the hypothalamus

Flashcard #10
Term: What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?
Definition: Produces and releases hormones

Flashcard #11
Term: Where is the cerebrum and what is its function?
Definition: Largest part of the brain, divided into cerebral hemispheres, involved in hearing, vision, learning, and thinking

Flashcard #12
Term: Where is the hypothalamus and what is its function?
Definition: Found beneath the middle part of the brain; monitors blood temperature and produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

Flashcard #13
Term: Where is the medulla oblongata and what is its function?
Definition: At the base of the brain, controls breathing rate and heart rate automatically

Flashcard #14
Term: Where is the cerebellum and what is its function?
Definition: Underneath the cerebrum; important for muscle coordination, posture, and balance

Flashcard #15
Term: What is a reflex?
Definition: Responses to the environment not processed by the brain

Flashcard #16
Term: Step 1 of the blinking reflex
Definition: Sensory nerve endings in cornea are stimulated by touch

Flashcard #17
Term: Step 2 of the blinking reflex
Definition: Impulse sent along sensory neuron to relay neuron in the medulla oblongata

Flashcard #18
Term: Step 3 of the blinking reflex
Definition: Impulse passed to motor neurons in the oculomotor nerve

Flashcard #19
Term: Step 4 of the blinking reflex
Definition: Oculomotor nerve sends impulses to superior levator palpebrae

Flashcard #20
Term: Step 5 of the blinking reflex
Definition: Motor neurons send impulses to orbicularis oculi muscles from the facial nerve root

Flashcard #21
Term: Step 6 of the blinking reflex
Definition: Muscles contract, causing eyelids to close quickly

Flashcard #22
Term: What is the function of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Definition: Pulls eyes inward during blinking reflex

Flashcard #23
Term: What is the function of the superior levator palpebrae?
Definition: Lowers the eyelid during blinking reflex

Flashcard #24
Term: Step 1 of the knee-jerk reflex
Definition: Stretch receptors in quadriceps detect muscle stretching

Flashcard #25
Term: Step 2 of the knee-jerk reflex
Definition: Impulse passed along sensory neuron directly to motor neuron in the spinal cord

Flashcard #26
Term: Step 3 of the knee-jerk reflex
Definition: Motor neuron carries impulse to quadriceps muscle

Flashcard #27
Term: Step 4 of the knee-jerk reflex
Definition: Quadriceps muscle contracts, causing lower leg to move forward

Flashcard #28
Term: Step 1 of nervous/hormonal coordination in 'fight or flight'
Definition: Nerve impulses arrive at the hypothalamus, activating hormonal and sympathetic nervous systems

Flashcard #29
Term: Step 2 of nervous/hormonal coordination in 'fight or flight'
Definition: Pituitary gland releases ACTH, causing adrenal cortex to release steroidal hormones

Flashcard #30
Term: Step 3 of nervous/hormonal coordination in 'fight or flight'
Definition: Sympathetic nervous system activated, triggering adrenaline release from adrenal medulla

Flashcard #31
Term: How does fight or flight affect heart rate?
Definition: Increases to pump blood faster

Flashcard #32
Term: How does fight or flight affect muscles around the bronchioles?
Definition: Relax, so breathing is deeper

Flashcard #33
Term: How does fight or flight affect glycogen?
Definition: Is converted to glucose, more respiration

Flashcard #34
Term: How does fight or flight affect Erector pili muscles?
Definition: Contract, making hairs stand on end

Flashcard #35
Term: How does fight or flight affect Arteriole muscles?
Definition: Change, muscles in arterioles supplying the skin and blood constrict, and muscles in the arterioles supplying the heart, lungs and skeletal muscles dilate

Flashcard #36
Term: What does the sinoatrial node (SAN) do?
Definition: Generates electrical impulses that cause cardiac muscles to contract

Flashcard #37
Term: How is the rate at which the SAN fires (heart rate) controlled?
Definition: Unconsciously controlled by the medulla

Flashcard #38
Term: How are internal stimuli detected in the nervous system's heart rate control?
Definition: Detected by pressure and chemical receptors (e.g., baroreceptors)

Flashcard #39
Term: Medulla's response to high blood pressure
Definition: Detected by baroreceptors, impulses sent to medulla, which sends impulses along the vagus nerve, secreting acetylcholine

Flashcard #40
Term: Medulla's response to low blood pressure
Definition: Detected by baroreceptors, impulses sent to medulla, which sends impulses along the accelerator nerve, secreting noradrenaline

Flashcard #41
Term: Medulla's response to high pH levels
Definition: Detected by chemoreceptors, impulses sent to medulla, which sends impulses along the vagus nerve, secreting acetylcholine

Flashcard #42
Term: Medulla's response to low pH levels
Definition: Detected by chemoreceptors, impulses sent to medulla, which sends impulses along the accelerator nerve, secreting noradrenaline

Flashcard #43
Term: What is the student's t-test used for?
Definition: Used to find significant difference between means of 2 data sets

Flashcard #44
Term: When do you reject the null hypothesis in the student's t-test?
Definition: Obtained value > critical value at p < 0.05

Flashcard #45
Term: What are the many impacts of adrenaline
Definition: Increases heart rate and stroke volume, converts glycogen to glucose, affects blood flow, and widens bronchioles

Flashcard #46
Term: How does adrenaline affect heart contraction?
Definition: Heart contracts more and harder

Flashcard #47
Term: What are muscle fibres?
Definition: Large bundles of long cells

Flashcard #48
Term: What is the sarcolemma?
Definition: Cell membrane of muscle fibre cells

Flashcard #49
Term: What are transverse (T) tubules?
Definition: Folds of the sarcolemma that help spread electrical impulses

Flashcard #50
Term: What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition: Stores and releases calcium ions for muscle contraction

Flashcard #51
Term: Why do muscle fibres have lots of mitochondria?
Definition: Provides ATP for muscle contraction

Flashcard #52
Term: Why are muscles multinucleate?
Definition: Contain many nuclei

Flashcard #53
Term: What are myofibrils?
Definition: Cylindrical organelles specialized for contraction

Flashcard #54
Term: What do myofibrils contain?
Definition: Bundles of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments

Flashcard #55
Term: What are thick myofilaments made of?
Definition: Made of the protein myosin

Flashcard #56
Term: What are thin myofilaments made of?
Definition: Made of the protein actin

Flashcard #57
Term: What are A-bands (dark bands)?
Definition: Contain thick myosin filaments and overlapping actin filaments

Flashcard #58
Term: What are I-bands (light bands)?
Definition: Contain only thin actin filaments

Flashcard #59
Term: What are sarcomeres?
Definition: Short units that make up microfibrils

Flashcard #60
Term: What is the Z-line?
Definition: Marks the ends of a sarcomere

Flashcard #61
Term: What is the M-line?
Definition: The middle of the myosin filaments

Flashcard #62
Term: What is the H-zone?
Definition: Contains only myosin filaments

Flashcard #63
Term: What happens during the sliding filament theory?
Definition: Actin and myosin filaments slide over each other to contract sarcomeres

Flashcard #64
Term: What happens to the bands in the sarcomere as it contracts?
Definition: A-band stays the same length, I-band and H-zone get shorter

Flashcard #65
Term: What are some features of myosin filaments?
Definition: Globular heads that bind to actin and ATP

Flashcard #66
Term: Name components found between Actin filliaments
Definition: They’re made of trpomyosin and troponin which help the myofilaments move past eachother.

Flashcard #67
Term: What happens to the binding sites of resting muscles?
Definition: Actin-myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin

Flashcard #68
Term: What is the first step of how an action potential triggers muscle contraction?
Definition: Depolarizes the sarcolemma

Flashcard #69
Term: What is the second step of how an action potential triggers muscle contraction?
Definition: Spreads down T tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum

Flashcard #70
Term: What is the third step of how an action potential triggers muscle contraction?
Definition: Releases stored calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

Flashcard #71
Term: What is the fourth step of how an action potential triggers muscle contraction?
Definition: Ca2+ ions bind to troponin, exposing the actin-myosin binding site

Flashcard #72
Term: What do ATP do in how an action potential triggers muscle contraction?
Definition: Myosin detaches itself and reattaches to a different binding site

Flashcard #73
Term: What happen when the muscle stops being stimulated?
Definition: Calcium ions are moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Flashcard #74
Term: What is a neuromuscular junction?
Definition: Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell that uses acetylcholine (ACh)

Flashcard #75
Term: What happens when a chemical blocks neurotransmitter release?
Definition: May prevent action potential, affecting muscles involved in breathing

Flashcard #76
Term: What is skeletal muscle?
Definition: Voluntary muscle with cross-striations, used for speed, strength, endurance, and posture

Flashcard #77
Term: What is involuntary muscle?
Definition: Involuntary muscle without striations, found in walls of internal organs, contracts slowly

Flashcard #78
Term: undefined
Definition: By an electromyography procedure and an electromyogram trace