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Unit I: Prehistory to Ancient History

• Overview of the timeline and transitions from prehistory to ancient history.

Page 1: General Introduction

• Unit I covers the period from prehistory to ancient history.

Page 2: Indigenous Populations before Rome

• The Romans arrived in the early 3rd century BC to defeat the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War.

• Prior inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) include:

  • Natives: groups evolving from prehistory.

  • Foreigners: groups from outside the IP.

Page 3: Early Cultures and Interactions

• Copper Age (c. 4000-2000 years ago):

  • Development of the Los Millares culture, evolving into the El Argar culture during the Bronze Age (c. 2000-600 years ago).

  • Contact with Phoenicians and Greeks began.

• Other groups included Iberians, Celtiberians, Lusitanians, Cantabrians, and Turdetanians leading up to the Iron Age.

Page 4: The Iberians and Iberian Peninsula

• The term Iberians was used by Greeks and later by Romans to describe many inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula.

• Iberian cultural development began around the 6th century BC, with urbanization along coastal areas and significant influence from Phoenicians and Greeks.

• By the end of the Punic wars, some communities were under Carthaginian, then Roman control.

Page 5: Roman Control and Early Conquests

• After the Second Punic War, complete Roman control was established:

  • 206 BC: Battle of Ilipa marked Roman expansion.

  • Roman settlement of Italica initiated.

  • Celtiberian Wars culminated in 133 BC with the Numantine War.

Page 6: Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula

• Romans referred to Iberia as Hispania.

• Inhabitants transitioned from Iberians to Hispanos as Latin culture spread, with terms like Hispanic and Latino emerging.

• Accounts by writers Pompey Trogue and Lucius Florus illustrate perceptions of Hispanics in the 1st century.

Page 7: Map of Pre-Roman Iberian Peninsula

• Key locations and civilizations preceding Roman dominance outlined, including various trading centers.

Page 8: Phoenicians & Greeks

• Phoenicians:

  • Semitic traders from the Levant, known for establishing cities like Gadir (modern Cadiz).

• Greeks:

  • Grecian traders, began colonizing around 600 BC, faced defeat by Carthaginians.

Page 9: Carthaginian Expansion

• Carthaginians, a Phoenician city-state, founded around the 9th century BC, expanded their influence through trade and military conflicts.

• Significant battles during the Punic Wars solidified their control over parts of the western Mediterranean, including the Iberian Peninsula.

Page 10: Carthaginian Presence

• The need for expansion towards the Iberian Peninsula post-first Punic War was driven by natural resources and support for fellow Phoenicians.

• Carthago Nova became a major base of operations in the region.

Page 11: First Punic War Impacts

• Carthaginian loss in 241 BC led to their looking towards further territorial expansion into the IP.

• Under notable leaders like Hamilcar Barca, leadership transitioned toward aggressive campaigns against Rome.

Page 12: Second Punic War

• Triggered by Hannibal Barca’s campaign and deep-seated animosities following the First Punic War.

• Key conflicts include the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) and intricacies of Roman responses culminating in the defeat of Hannibal at Zama in 201 BC.

Unit II: Rome & the Early Middle Ages

• Examination of the significance of Roman occupation in Spanish history, emphasizing cultural integration and the long-lasting impact of Roman civilization.

• Charles Chapman remarked on the significance of Roman influence on Spain's development.

Conquest Phases

• Roman conquest divided into four major phases:

  1. Initial limited Romanization (206-149 BC).

  2. Conflicts with native groups, resulting in extensive control by 133 BC.

  3. Civil wars (81-49 BC) solidifying Roman authority.

  4. Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC) marking the final subjugation of the Iberian Peninsula.

Page 22-39: Historical Context & Key Events

• The political and cultural evolution within the Iberian Peninsula under Roman and post-Roman influences.

• Detailed overview of various rulers, their policies, and the sociocultural dynamics shaping early medieval Spain.

Page 40-44: Islamic Invasion and Transition

• The Muslim conquests beginning in 711 significantly altered the sociopolitical landscape, culminating in the establishment of al-Andalus and key battles like Guadalete.

Pages 54-72: Conclusively Strategic Moves

• Movement and governance dynamics under the Catholic Monarchs, outlining major conquests, reforms, and social changes leading to the 15th century.