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Unit I: Prehistory to Ancient History
Overview of the timeline and transitions from prehistory to ancient history.
Page 1: General Introduction
Unit I covers the period from prehistory to ancient history.
Page 2: Indigenous Populations before Rome
The Romans arrived in the early 3rd century BC to defeat the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War.
Prior inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) include:
Natives: groups evolving from prehistory.
Foreigners: groups from outside the IP.
Page 3: Early Cultures and Interactions
Copper Age (c. 4000-2000 years ago):
Development of the Los Millares culture, evolving into the El Argar culture during the Bronze Age (c. 2000-600 years ago).
Contact with Phoenicians and Greeks began.
Other groups included Iberians, Celtiberians, Lusitanians, Cantabrians, and Turdetanians leading up to the Iron Age.
Page 4: The Iberians and Iberian Peninsula
The term Iberians was used by Greeks and later by Romans to describe many inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula.
Iberian cultural development began around the 6th century BC, with urbanization along coastal areas and significant influence from Phoenicians and Greeks.
By the end of the Punic wars, some communities were under Carthaginian, then Roman control.
Page 5: Roman Control and Early Conquests
After the Second Punic War, complete Roman control was established:
206 BC: Battle of Ilipa marked Roman expansion.
Roman settlement of Italica initiated.
Celtiberian Wars culminated in 133 BC with the Numantine War.
Page 6: Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula
Romans referred to Iberia as Hispania.
Inhabitants transitioned from Iberians to Hispanos as Latin culture spread, with terms like Hispanic and Latino emerging.
Accounts by writers Pompey Trogue and Lucius Florus illustrate perceptions of Hispanics in the 1st century.
Page 7: Map of Pre-Roman Iberian Peninsula
Key locations and civilizations preceding Roman dominance outlined, including various trading centers.
Page 8: Phoenicians & Greeks
Phoenicians:
Semitic traders from the Levant, known for establishing cities like Gadir (modern Cadiz).
Greeks:
Grecian traders, began colonizing around 600 BC, faced defeat by Carthaginians.
Page 9: Carthaginian Expansion
Carthaginians, a Phoenician city-state, founded around the 9th century BC, expanded their influence through trade and military conflicts.
Significant battles during the Punic Wars solidified their control over parts of the western Mediterranean, including the Iberian Peninsula.
Page 10: Carthaginian Presence
The need for expansion towards the Iberian Peninsula post-first Punic War was driven by natural resources and support for fellow Phoenicians.
Carthago Nova became a major base of operations in the region.
Page 11: First Punic War Impacts
Carthaginian loss in 241 BC led to their looking towards further territorial expansion into the IP.
Under notable leaders like Hamilcar Barca, leadership transitioned toward aggressive campaigns against Rome.
Page 12: Second Punic War
Triggered by Hannibal Barca’s campaign and deep-seated animosities following the First Punic War.
Key conflicts include the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) and intricacies of Roman responses culminating in the defeat of Hannibal at Zama in 201 BC.
Unit II: Rome & the Early Middle Ages
Examination of the significance of Roman occupation in Spanish history, emphasizing cultural integration and the long-lasting impact of Roman civilization.
Charles Chapman remarked on the significance of Roman influence on Spain's development.
Conquest Phases
Roman conquest divided into four major phases:
Initial limited Romanization (206-149 BC).
Conflicts with native groups, resulting in extensive control by 133 BC.
Civil wars (81-49 BC) solidifying Roman authority.
Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC) marking the final subjugation of the Iberian Peninsula.
Page 22-39: Historical Context & Key Events
The political and cultural evolution within the Iberian Peninsula under Roman and post-Roman influences.
Detailed overview of various rulers, their policies, and the sociocultural dynamics shaping early medieval Spain.
Page 40-44: Islamic Invasion and Transition
The Muslim conquests beginning in 711 significantly altered the sociopolitical landscape, culminating in the establishment of al-Andalus and key battles like Guadalete.
Pages 54-72: Conclusively Strategic Moves
Movement and governance dynamics under the Catholic Monarchs, outlining major conquests, reforms, and social changes leading to the 15th century.