b. Arthropoda- jointed legs; segmented bodies.
Example: Insects(6 legs) - mosquito, butterflies
Crustaceans(10 legs) - crab, shrimps, lobsters
Arachnid (8 legs) - spiders

Centipede (more than 10 legs)
Milipede

Molting or Ecdysis -insects shed off their old cuticle to grow in size.

Nematoda-roundworms; unsegmented.
Example: pinworm, Ascaris, hookworm, filarial worm
Platyhelminthes- flatworms: worms have soft tissues; unsegmented.
Example: flukes, tapeworms, planaria
Annelida- segmented worms
Example: leech, earthworms

Earthworms are hermaphroditic - Both male and female
- organs are found in the same worm.
Leeches promote anticoagulation.

Mollusca- with soft bodies (usually with shells)
Example: squids, clams, snails, octopi
Echinodermata- spiny body
Example: sea star, sea urchin, sand dollars, sea cucumber, brittle
star
•Chordata
Fish (Pisces)- scales, gills, and fins: shark, lampreys Amphibians (Amphibia) - frog, salamander
Amphibia- Two lives
Reptiles (Reptilia) - eggs, scaly bodies: crocodile, snake, turtle
Reptilia- Creeping
Birds (Aves) - scaly legs, wings, feathers: penguin, ostrich Mammals (Mammalia) - mammary glands, hairs, milk: human, platypus, marsupial
Walrus Marine mammals that have long ivory tusks and lives in arctic environment.

•Kingdom Plantae

-Two big groups: those which do not have tissues to transport water and food (nonvascular) and those that have this transport system (vascular).

IV. Botany - study of plants.

Vascular plants can be:

■

Seedless vascular plants

■

Seed vascular plants

-Angiosperms

-Gymnosperms

Vascular plants have xylem and phloem

Xylem- Conducts most of the water and minerals.

Phloem- Distributes sugars and other organic products.

Seedless vascular plants

Example: ferns

Seed Vascular Plants

• Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
-Most abundant and widely distributed plants.
- Bears fruit to protect the seed.
•Gymnosperms
- Cone bearing plants.
- Gymnosperms have "naked seeds'
- Seeds are not enclosed by fruit.
Example: conifers

Plant Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms

Flower- reproductive organ of flowering plant

Pollination- transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower

Cross pollination- from one plant to the other plant

Self-pollination- pollination from same flower or plant

Parts of a flower

Sepals, collectively called the CALYX, protect the flower bud before it opens.
- Petals, collectively called the COROLLA.
the petals often attract a particular pollinator.
- Stamen/ male part
Anther
Filament
Pollen grains
- Carpel (Pistil), female part
Stigma
-Ovary becomes the fruit

Style

-Ovule becomes the seed

Plant Reproduction: Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction- vegetative reproduction

Runners-Horizontal stems, new roots and shoots develop at the node.

Also known as stolon: Example: strawberry Tubers- Underground stems that store food for the plant, the "eyes" are the stem's nodes, and each eye contains a cluster of buds. Example: Potato

Rhizomes- They grow as horizontal underground stem from plant to plant. Example: Ginger

Bulbs- They are shortened, compressed underground stems. Example:

Onion, Garlic

Corms-They are underground stems, Example: Taro (Colocasia)

Underground roots- Carrots, Sweet potatoes (camote), and cassava

VI. Asexual Reproduction in other organisms

Budding

-The parent organism produces offspring by growing a replica in the form of an outgrowth called bud. Example: Hydra, Yeast

Fragmentation

-Separated pieces of the parent organism can develop into an individual Example: Sea star, Flatworms

Binary Fission

-In bacteria

Biology: The study of life, derived from the Greek words 'bios' (life) and 'logos' (study).

I. Hierarchy of Life: Atom > Molecule > Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ > System > Organism.

II. Cytology: The study of cells, which are divided into:

Prokaryotic Cells: No true nucleus (e.g., bacteria).
Eukaryotic Cells: True nucleus (e.g., plants, animals).

III. Taxonomy: Classification of organisms into 8 levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Key Figures:

Robert Hooke: Discovered cells and coined the term ‘cell’.
Carolus Linnaeus: Developed the system of binomial nomenclature.

IV. Animal Kingdom: Two major groups: invertebrates (no backbone) and vertebrates (backbone). Examples include:

Invertebrates: Jellyfish, insects, arachnids.
Vertebrates: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.

V. Plant Kingdom: Divided into vascular and nonvascular plants. Vascular plants can reproduce sexually (angiosperms and gymnosperms) or asexually (via runners, tubers, rhizomes).

Note