HI 102 MT New Content

o   E. Australia

§  Captain James Cook – first to conquer

§  Plan A: Prison Colony -> did not last long

§  Gold Rush (1851)

·         Settlers + missionaries

·         Civilizing influence in Aboriginies

§  Australia becomes British Commonwealth (1901)

o   F. Ireland

§  Status quo = English absenteeism (English owned lands)

§  The “Irish Question” -> what should England do; free, unite?

·         Act of Union of 1800

·         Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829

§  Great Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852)

·         Population devasted (1000s die)

§  Materialist ideas erode Victorian values (matter; not Bible matters)

·         1. Darwinism

o   On Origin of Species (1859)

o   Life evolves = natural selection

·         2. Socialism

o   State owns means of production

o   Utilitarianism (early 19^th cent)

§  Jeremy Benthem, John Steward Mill (idealistic)

·         -“Greatest happiness for greatest numbers”

o   Fabian society (late 19^th cent)

§  Founded 1884

§  G.B. Shaw, Sidney, + Beatrice Webb

·         “Evolutionary Socialism” -> slow change

·         3. Modernism

o   Theological liberalism

§  from German “higher criticism”

§  Bible merely a “beautiful myth”

·         III Beginning of Britain’s Decline

o   If Bible gave success, lack of Bible caused fall

·         Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolt, Romanticism

·         I. The Power of Ideas

o   A. New Ideologies

§  1. How you came to present

§  2. Evaluates present and role

§  3. Program to change present

o   B. Revolutionary Nationalism (ideology)

§  “Natural boundaries” (racial politics, languages, culture, history)

§  Replaces religion

§  The “other” -> xenophobia (fear of outsiders/others)

·         1. Moves away from local gov

·         2. Antiscriptural

·         3. Destroys old, builds on rubble

§  Catalyst: Reaction from Napoleon empowering foreigners over other countries

o   C. German Philosophy

§  1. Immanuel Kant – Idealism (humble beginnings)

·         Morality without Christianity

o   How? -> Reason

o   “Categorical Imperative” -> “if everyone did it would society suffer”

·         Phenomenal (experience)

·         Nominal (reason)

o   Critique of Pure Reason (book); relativism

o    

·         3/3/2025

o   4 accomplishments of the Congress of Vienna

§  1. Reinstate monarchies

§  2. Encircle France

§  3. Compensate land loss

§  4. Establish balance of power (among great European pwrs)

·         II. The Conservative Order

o   A. Congress of Vienna (1815)

§  4. Metternich’s conservatism

·         No liberalism or nationalism

·         Institutions + elitism

§  5. Action items

§  6. Concert of Europe

§  7. Age of Metternich (1815-1848)

·         Conservatism wins, but for how long?

o   B. Latin America  - beginning of the Breakdown

§  Creoles (Spanish-American) and mestizos (Spanish+Indian)

·         No allegiance to Napoleon’s  Spain

§  Independence for Mexico (1821)

§  Independence for South America

·         Simon Bolivar (The Liberator)

§  By 1825 most of Latin American had won independence from European rule

o   C. Failure of the Concert

§  Monroe Doctrine (1823)

§  Greek independence

·         Treaty of Adrianople (1829)

o   Unofficial end of Concert of Europe

·         III Revolution and Reform (19^th century part II)

o   A. 1830 Revolutions

§  France

·         Napoleon -> Louis XVIII

·         Charles X’s tyranny

·         July Revolution

o   Louis Phillipe and “July Monarchy” (Kinda normal guy); “Citizen king”

§  1 in 30 men could vote

§  1. France = “July revolution” -> Louis Phillipe

§  2. Belgium – Independent but Neutral country

§  3. Italy, Germany – national unification? NO

§  4. Poland – Independence? No

o   Revolutions of 1848

§  1. Several European nations were swept by simultaneous revolutions

§  2. These revolutions generally failed and conservatives regained power

o   B. Revolutions of 1848

§  I. France

·         A. February: Louis Phillippe OUT

·         B. “Provisional Government” established

o   National Workshops - Government-sponsored public works programs

§  Fail

·         C. “June Days”: 10,000 dead in Paris riots

·         D. November: Second French Republic

o   1848: President Louis Napoleon (nephew of emperor)

o   1851: Emperor Napoleon III

§  2. Austria

·         Metternich flees (1848)

·         Czar Nicholas I intervenes

·         Metternich returns (1851)

§  3. German Confederation

·         Frankfurt Parliament attempts unification but rejected by Prussia’s king Frederick William IV

§  Revolutions of 1848:  No permanent Change without Violence

o   C. Unification of Italy

§  Goal: Drive out Austria and France + unite the Italian states

§  1. Key figures:

·         Giuseppe Mazzini – nationalist; “Young Italy”

o   Incited small acts of insurrection around Italy to help unify

·         Giuseppe Garabaldi – Commander of the Red Shirts

·         Count Cavour – Sardinian Diplomat; assisted England and France during Crimean War

·         Popular violence + political diplomacy

§  2. Three wars for independence

§  3. Victor Emmanuel II

·         1^st king of a unified Italy (1861)

·         3/5/25

§  4. Capture of Rome (1871)

o   D. Unification of Germany

§  Most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914

§  I. German Conf. – Austria dominant, Prussia rising

·         Modern, industrialized military (Prussia’s key to growing influence)

§  2. Otto von Bismarck

·         Chancellor of Prussia

·         -Goal: Strong, unified German state under Prussian dominance (wants Prussia to be leading power)

·         -Realpolitik = politics of power

o   Realism > Idealism

o   Results:

§  1. Domestic policy = State Socialism

·         Bans socialist party; Sponsors Europe’s first social welfare programs

§  2. Foreign Policy = “Blood and Iron”

·         Skilled diplomat; would do whatever necessary

o   War will unify the German States

·         The Plan; War with Denmark, then war with Austria

o   Wants to demonstrate Prussia’s strength vs Austria weakness

o   War with France

§  War was started because Napoleon III received an offensive telegram from Bismarck’s people; France attack, Prussia “defends” itself

o   -Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia

§  Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

·         Germany united, victorious

·         France must pay reparations (for being aggressor)

·         Germans set up tents in Versailles

·         Proclamation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871

o   Kaiser

o   Bismarck now Chancellor of Germany

o   E. Austria-Hungary

§  1. “Dual Monarchy”

§  2. Francis Joseph I

o   F. The Third French Republic

§  1. Domestic affairs

·         Paris Commune (1871)

o   Modest growth despite Marxism

o   High turnover

·         “La Belle Epoque”

o   Prosperity in art, science, and culture

§  2. Foreign Affairs

·         Triple Entente (1907)

o   France + England + Russia

o   G. Growth of Modern Socialism

§  Places responsibility on the state to distribute wealth/goods

·         Means of production should belong to the collective

·         The state acts in the collective’s best interest, distribution

·         Louis Blanc – you, and everyone else benefit from your hard work

§  1. Utopian Socialism

·         Small, ideal communities (were setup to prove)

o   Most collapsed

§  2. Democratic Socialism

·         Publicly-owned + controlled industry

§  *no socialism works well

·         Chapter 22 WWI

·         I A new Century

o   A. Science and Technology

§  I. Physics

·         Albert Einstein

o   Theories of Relativity

§  2. Chemistry and Medicine

·         George W. Carver

o   Agricultural science

§  Turned peanut into many other products

·         Dr. Walter Reed and William Gorgas

o   Yellow fever vaccine