Sudanese Conflict

Actors:

Timeline:

1956 => Sudan gains independence from British-Egyptian rule
1958-1989 => several coups take place
2003 => rebel groups attacked forces in Darfur
- Omar al-Bashir relies on JW to take back control
2011 => South Sudan civil war ended
2018 => protests amidst economic crisis, which led to political unrest, thus worsening the economic crisis
April 2019 => SAF + RSF collude to remove Bashir from power, turn on civilians as pro-democracy protests arose in Khartoum
June 2019 => RSF killed over 100 people, other massacres took place around the country
October 2021 => staged coup against new PM Hamdok, leads him to resign in 2022
- Burhan becomes de facto leader of Sudan, and Hemeti his #2
December 2022 => Burhan + Hemeti sign a promise new civilian-led transiitonal government by April 2023
- disagree with RSF becoming part of Burhan’s army, limiting Hemeti’s power. Burhan wants it to happen in 2 years, Hemeti in 10.

Summary:

Long history of coups
- SAF holds tremendous power in the state
Bashir’s Coup Proofing
- Circle of protectors
Sudan
- Lose many resources like oil in the South => economic
- 2018 => gov. budget gave 70% of money to SAF
South Sudan
- Gain independence in 2011
Darfur
- SAF + JW accused of mass killing, rape and targeted displacement of civilians
SAF had hand in economy in telecommunications and arms under Bashir
Foreign Intervention
- USA, Arab allies, UK, Ethipia and the AU pressure Sudan’s military and protestors to acept a power sharing agreement
Competition between Burhan and Hemeti
- Burhan starts relationships with states in NAME and Asia, Hemeti does so too, using his resources to build relationships with powerful individuals in those states
- Diagreement over merging of paramilitary forces and military => current conflict
  - places 100,000s of men across the country, Burhan uses the airforce, Hemeti can finance his groud troops
  - 100s of civilians killed
  - Ceasefires constantly broken

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