Pre-AP Biology Unit 3 Exam Outline

Cellular Transport & Membrane Structure

o Membrane structure

▪ Cell membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids

▪ Protein Channels embedded in the phospholipid biyaer

▪ Protein pumps embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

▪ Glycoproteins that help with cell-to-cell communication

o Describe how the size of a cell affects its ability to function efficiently.

▪ . Small cell size creates a surface-area-to-volume ratio that enables more efficient diffusion.

o Diffusion

▪ No energy required to move substances across cell membrane

▪ Happens all over the cell membrane

▪ Moves small molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration

▪ osmosis is a type of diffusion that moves Water through the cell membrane

o Active Transport

▪ Energy (ATP) required

▪ Moves large molecules through protein pumps

▪ Moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient)

o Types of solutions when discussing osmosis

▪ be able to differentiate between the following types of solutions:

• Hypertonic

• Hypotonic

• Isotonic

▪ Be able to identify the solution if given the water and solute concentration

▪ Be able to identify what direction water or solute would move in your solutions.

Cell Metabolism

o Know the process of cellular respiration

▪ Uses oxygen and glucose

▪ Creates Water, Carbon dioxide and ATP

▪ Happens in the mitochondria

▪ Happens in Animals and Plants

▪ Know the formula for cellular respiration

▪ Know how oxygen and glucose enter the human body.

▪ Describe how consumers store the energy acquired through cellular respiration.

▪ Identify the energy rich molecules used in cell respiration.

▪ Identify the energy rich molecule made in cellular respiration

o Be able to identify factors that could increase the rate of respiration or decrease the rate of respiration.

o

o Know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

 Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, water and ATP

 Be able to compare the amount of ATP made in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

 Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen

• Alcoholic fermentation

o Produces carbon dioxide and alcohol (ex: Yeast & bacteria)

• Lactic Acid fermentation

o Produces lactic acid (ex: Bacteria & humans)

o Know the process of photosynthesis

▪ Uses sunlight, water and carbon dioxide

▪ understand where each of these materials enter the plant and where they are stored or leave the plant.

▪ Create oxygen and glucose

▪ Happens in the chloroplast

▪ Happens only in plants

▪ Stomata on the bottom of the plant leaf regulate the water, and carbon dioxide that can enter and oxygen that can leave

 Know the formula for photosynthesis

 Identify the energy rich product made in photosynthesis

 Water enters through the roots via osmosis

 Know what the following tissues move within a plant:

o Xylem

o Phloem

 Understand the properties of water that allow it to move up the plant

 Be able to identify factors that could increase the rate or photosynthesis or decrease the rate of photosynthesis.

Cell Growth and Division

• Cycle is composed of two parts:

o Interphase (know what happens during each of the following sections):

 G1

 S

 G2

o Mitosis (know what happens during each of the following phases):

 Prophase

 Metaphase

 Anaphase

 Telophase

o Cytokinesis

• Understand what a checkpoint is in the process of cell division and when they occur

• Explain how a cancer cell differs from a normal cell

o Know examples of carcinogens

o Be able to explain the relationship between mitosis and cancer