humanitys note stuff

Humanities--3rd Nine Weeks Calendar

History of the World: Every Year ← Helpful video 

DO NOT REMOVE PEOPLE'S ACCESS IF I FIND OUT WHO DOING THIS I WILL REMOVE YOU AND PRAY YOU FAIL THE TEST! - Samantha

You’re not supposed to pray on others down falls

History

The Mongols

• Conquered more land in 25 years than the Roman Empire did in 400

• The empire covered the most contiguous territory in history

  • Over Eurasia

• Basically created Russia and China

• 1206-1368

• Founded by Temujin when he was 19 (changed his name to Genghis Khan “Universal Ruler”)

  • Provided strength as a warrior; united Mongol tribes after a civil war 

  • Made use of two innovations in warfare:

    • Promoted people based on merit rather than family position 

    • Brought lower class of people into his own tribe; removed leaders of conquered people (peasants love him)

• United Mongolia’s tribes and pastoral farmers

• Supported China's peasant economy

  • Stabilized taxes

  • helped rural citizens

• supported trade and religious freedom

• Ushered in a military feudal system

• Adopted advance technology 

  • Gunpowder

  • Stirrup

• Relied on new technological and tactical innovations from conquered groups

• Five-year-long stretch of mild weather and good temperatures which grew grasses

The Mongol Empire…

• Engaged in 162-year aggressive expansion

• Sparked a mass migration of many people

• At its peak, it controlled 12 million square miles.

• Engaged in “Pax Mongolica” or Mongol peace

  • 1279 to the End of the empire was a period of peace, stability, trade, and protected travel.

Why they might be Awesome-

• Revived the Silk Road for trade and taxation

  • Silk Road also spread the Bubonic plague, 

  • Would Eastern trade happen if it weren't for the Mongols?

  • Yam System-A system for mail delivery

  • A Precursor to modernity?

• Insanely tolerant of other religions, they thrived

• Genghis Khan had between 1,000 and 3,000 kids which today an estimated 16 million men are alive and direct descendants of Khan (He had to do the yk for 6.9 years every day)

• Forcibly relocated people to where needed in the empire

  • People who could keep track of things, create art and music

  • Led to combination of ideas

Why they may not be so Awesome-

• Gengis Khan's definition of happiness:

  • “The greatest happiness is to vanquish your enemies, “to chase them before you, to rob them of their wealth, “to see those dear to them bathed in tears, to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters.”

• Brutal conquerors estimated to have killed millions

• The empire didn't last…replaced by the Ming Dynasty in China

• Didn't leave behind art or architecture

• Some believe the Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death

  • They would catapult dead, infected people over walls into enemy territories. (one of the first instances of biological warfare)

Follow-up Questions-

Do you value artistic output over religious diversity?

Is imperialism that doesn't last better or worse than one that does?

Are there certain types of warfare that are wrong?

King Mansa Musa

• Ruled the Western African Empire of Mali

• Around 1324 he left his home to make the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

• Believed to have traveled with over 1,000 people and 100 camel loads of gold

  • Spent so much gold in Alexandria, Egypt that caused runaway inflation (it took years to recover from)

• As he traveled, people began to talk of his wealth

  • Because of how widespread this talk was people began to think that West Africa was a land of “Gold” (El Dorado)

Why was this important?

• Undermines stereotype that African tribes were always poor and ruled by chiefs or witch doctors

• Musa was Muslim and devout

  • This showed that West Africa was more connected to the world than we realized

What did his kingdom look like? How did he come to convert to Islam?

• Islamization of Mali

  • Berbers (Pastoral North Africans)

    • Traded with West Africans (Salt for Gold)

    • Berbers spread Islam along North and West African trade routes

  • The first converts were Mali traders followed by kings (Islam became a religion of elites)

  • Muslim kings extended power over non-muslims

  • Would often blend traditional religion with Islam

    • By giving women more equality than seen in Islam’s birthplace

**The first kings to adopt Islam were in Ghana

• Replaced by Mali whose kings tried to increase knowledge of Islam

**We know about Mali because of the writings of Ibn Battuta (a Moroccan Scholar who was fascinated by gender roles in the Malian Empire)

• Mali eventually fell to the Songhai empire

  • Which eventually fell because religious aspects weren’t as strong

Moving to Eastern Africa….

• East Coast Swahili States (Network of trade ports, composed of city-states)

  • Independent, but linked by language, trade, and religion

• Swahili language stems from a language called Bantu (however modern day Swahili has been heavily influenced by Arabic)

  • Moved West to East bringing agriculture and ironworks

• Islam arrived in Swahili states in 8th century with traders

• Exported ivory, animal hides, timber, luxury items, and slaves

Byzantine Empire

Traditional view

• Rome conquered by Barbarians in 476

  • First time the emperor was removed from power

Anti-Imperialist view

• Rome was doomed to fall because too much expansion made it hard to govern

• “To robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name of empire; they make a desert and call it peace.” - Tacitus

• Two ways to overcome governance problem

  • Strict rule with violence

  • Challenged romans due to idea of justice that prevented unjust violence

• Bring conquered people into empire more fully

  • Worked well, but led to traditional view of fall of Rome (barbarians)

Decline of rome started with the decline of the legions (army)

• Decision made to incorporate Germanic Warriors into Roman Army

  • Usually not loyal to rome, but became only loyal to commander and riches

  • Civil war between commanders to be emperor

  • Around 41 different people claimed to the emperor of rome (most of which who were not roman

286 CE

• Emperor Diocletian divided rome into two to stabilized empire

395 CE

• Rome finally becomes Western Roman Empire, and Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire= Byzantine Empire

• Capital was Constantinople

• Becomes Istanbul later

Emperor Constantine 

• Rule marked transition from classical age to middle ages

• First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity 

  • Attempted to get all Christians to believe the same thing

• Changes and continuities between western and eastern empire 

  • both ruled by a single emperor with absolute military power

  • Constant warfare

  • Both focused on trade and agriculture (they were exceptionally rich)

  • East was more urban

  • Both followed Roman laws

    • Pride in having laws

533 CE

• Emperor Justinian and the Digest (condensing of Latin law books) and the institute (curriculum for Roman Law schools)

Emperor Justinian

• Became emperor in 527 CE

• Ruled for 30 years

• Recaptured Roman lands controlled by foreigners

• Built the Hagia Sofia 

• Wife : Theodora (icon) 👑

  • Was an actress, dancer, prostitute, and empress

  • is remembered for being one of the most powerful women in Byzantine history

  • Passed laws giving women rights in divorce proceedings, and got rid of the law that stated women who commit adultery should be executed.

Religion

• Byzantines = Eastern or Greek Orthodox

• West ruled by Pope; East ruled by Patriarch (who was appointed by the emperor)

• Caesaropapism

  • Ceasar over Pope

Catholic Church ⛪

Key Definitions:

• Apostolic succession- the transfer of power from the apostles to the bishops

  • The power of the apostle is passed to the different bishop's post

  • A constant lineage of teacher to student all the way down to the present day

    • Anyone who was a pope are is has learned everything from the previous pope up until the very first one

  • The pope cannot be wrong, since he received the word from god 

• Papal infallibility- when the pope formally defines a matter of church teaching, he is protected by the holy spirit from teaching error. The pope cannot be wrong

Who are these guys?

• The 12 disciples - individuals chosen by Jesus to spread the gospel

*Peter: first pope of the catholic church

• The leadership of Peter forms the basis of the Apostolic succession and the institutional power of orthodoxy, as the heirs of Peter, and he is described as "the rock" on which the church will be built.

• Key idea of Apostolic succession: "On this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it." 

Important events 

• The edict of Milan- ceased the persecution of Christianity, granted legal recognition to the faith, and restored seized property to its practitioners; made by Constantine and his co-emperor of the Balkans, Licinius in 313 CE; was an important change of policy for the Roman Empire

• First Council of Nicea- the first council in the history of the Christian church that was intended to address the entire body of believers. It was convened by the emperor Constantine to resolve the controversy of Arianism, a doctrine that held that Christ was not divine but was a created being; in 325 CE

• The Vulgate Bible- the authoritative biblical text of the Catholic church. A Latin translation of the bible, created by Saint Jerome.; in 382 CE

The Nicene Creed key ideas

• There is one God who exists in three persons

  • Caused lots of problems with bishops 

  • “Of one being of the father” (talking about Jesus)

  • Caused “Homoousios Controversy”

• God the Father is the creator of all things. Jesus, as God the Son, suffered and died as a fully human being to save other humans from sin. 

• Jesus rose from the dead and is seated in Heaven as the Son of God. 

• Acts as a foundation statement of Christian beliefs- outlining the sentiments of Christianity 

• & Sacraments (what you had to do to stay in good favor with the church

  • Baptism

  • Confirmation

  • holy communion (transubstantiation)

  • Confession 

  • Last rites

  • Holy order

  • Marriage

    • If you don't follow these sacraments you would be excommunicated

• Interpretation led people to believe that Jesus wasn’t eternal leading to controversy

Great Schism of 1054

• The separation of the Catholic church of the West from the Orthodox churches of the East. 

• This schism took place in 1054 and was caused by disagreements between Western and Eastern church leaders on several issues, including Papal authority and the Filioque clause of the Nicene Creed

• Linguistic divide (West-Latin; East- Greek)

• Caused the formation of two new churches 

Political / Economic Situation in Post-Classical Europe    

Feudalism- a complex set of customs, rights, and obligations that bound warriors (lords, vassals, knights) to each other and peasants to them due to the political fragmentation of western Europe

(The Church owns all the land and distributes it to kings who distribute it to nobles for loyalty, who distribute it to knights for loyalty and protection, who distribute it to the peasants (serfs) who in turn work the land and gain protection.)

Manorialism- an essential part of feudal society that emphasized the rural economy within a lord’s manor, or fief.  The lord’s wealth was accumulated through the contributions of the serfs as part of their feudal contract.

Catholic Church Pt. 2 Electric Boogaloo⛪

Vocab:

• Church- technically the people NOT the building; a building used for public Christian worship

• Chapel- a small building for Christian worship, typically one attached to an institution or private house; NOT about the people just about the place (can be where ever) 

• Cathedral- the principal church of a diocese, with which the bishop is officially associated; More to do with the area that specific bishop is a part of; large lavish church buildings build for a certain bishop

• Basilica- a church building that has been recognized and accorded special privileges by the pope; nothing to do with the building (can be anywhere as long as the Pope chooses it as a basilica)

• Monastery-often composed of multiple buildings; monks living on campus; similar (precursor to ?) universities

Romanesque architecture

• Name means “like Roman”

• Style was, unsurprisingly, like the romans

  • Round arches

• Floorplan of latin cross (early versions “tau” cross)

  • Entrance to the west, following the direction of the sun (wings to the north and south, high to the east.) 

  • Metaphor for people leaving darkness (west) to enter the church, getting them closer to heaven

Why did Catholics build?

• While smaller structures and monasteries were often built for strictly practical purposes (needing a place to meet) Cathedral were often usually more than that

  • Honoring God

  • Display of wealth

  • Desire to flex on neighbors’

  • Avoid purgatory

  • Demonstrating piety (how holy you are)

Gothic Style architecture

• Began with practical choices needed to accomplish the “lofty” goals of cathedral patrons

• Have distinct techniques built on what they already know how to do

• Some time a romanesque would sometimes be updated with gothic features

• Gothic Style Earmarks:

  • Flying buttresses - hold up walls & let light in

  • Pointed arches - Distribute weight & can build taller, thinner walls

  • Larger windows - let light in & display beauty

  • Gargoyles - mainly to divert water, decorated water spouts & communicate

  • Grotesques - do not divert water & communicate

(notre dame & cologne cathedral)

Illuminated Manuscripts

Illuminated-meaning to expand or enlighten

Why are there weird pictures?

• Purposeful symbol of the way the world tries to distract people from holy things. Images are trying to divert attention from the holy aspects within the books.

• Clasps on books lead to the idea of what books should look like

Dante’s Inferno

• Inferno Levels In Order

1. Limbo

2. The Lustful

3. The Gluttons

4. The Avarice

5. The Wrathful

6. The Heretics

7. The Violent

   1. Against Others

   2. Against Oneself

   3. Against God

8. The Fraudulent

9. The Traitors

   1. Betrayal of Family

   2. Betrayal of Country

   3. Betrayal of Guest

   4. Betrayal of Lord

• Capital, or deadly sin - could have a fatal effect on an individual's spiritual health

  • Seven Deadly Sins:

    • Pride (overconfidence in oneself)

    • Envy (desire for what someone has; envy)

    • Wrath (excessive anger)

    • Sloth (laziness)

    • Avarice (greed)

    • Gluttony (taking more than you need)

    • Lust (Getting down and dirty😏)

• Venial sin- could be forgiven without the need for the sacrament of COnfession and those which were capital and merited damnation 

Inscription from the Gates of Hell in The Divine Comedy

• “THROUGH me you pass into the city of woe: Through me you pass into eternal pain: Through me among the people lost for aye. Justice the founder of my fabric moved: To rear me was the task of Power divine, Supremest Wisdom, and primeval Love. Before me things created were none, save things Eternal, and eternal I endure. All hope is abandoned, ye who enter here.”

Anti inferno

-people who didn't pick a side in life

-not standing up for good or bad, simply following along

-” The world will not record their having been there” (unimpressionable, no legacy)

Limbo

-denied the right to heaven because they were not baptized or existed before Christianity

Hell according to Dante's Inferno

*Contrapasso - is the punishment of souls "by a process either resembling or contrasting with the sin itself."

• Story

  • Dante gets trapped in a forest

  • He sees a light that leads him out of the forest and to the base of a mountain

  • When he tried to follow the light he encountered animals (progressively more frightening)

    • First Lion

    • Second Tiger

    • Third She-Wolf

  • See shadowy figure

    • Virgil: tour through hell (also a big inspo to the real Dante)

  • First goes to the Vestibule of Hell (the neutral)

    • People are forced to chase an uncatchable flag for eternity while being stung by bees

  • Meets Minos (King, judge of damned) at the gates of Hell

    • Minos determines which circle based on tail swings

  • Pablo and Francesca 

    • star-crossed lovers stuck in a whirlwind for all eternity

  • Diviners 

    • walk forward with their heads turned backward (only see/suck in the past)

  • Tratorus to Kin 

    • Forced to almost drown in ice for eternity (stuck in ice, giving them cold blood; like how they betrayed in cold blood)

  • Betrayer to Lord

    • Eternally consumed by Satan himself

      • Judas - Betrayed lord (Jesus)

      • Cassius - Betrayed lord (Caesar)

      • Brutus - Betrayed lord (Caesar) 

Indian Ocean Trade

• Many trade routes made up the Indian Ocean trade.

•  Routes connected Swahili coast cities, Middle East, India, China, and Southeast Asia, but NOT EUROPE

• Relied on monsoon winds

  • Occurs regularly

  • Predictable (so predictable that maritime travelers  (could plan down to the week, even the day that they could leave and travel most efficiently.)

  • Lower risk = more trade

• Trade was dominated by Muslim merchants

  • Had money to build ships

  • Trade was regulated by the merchants rather than a political power

  • Trading was peaceful and ships didn’t need to be protected by any navy while on the Indian Ocean trade route.

• Allowed for trade in bulk and the creation of a mass market

**Africa

• timber , animal hides, ivory, gold

**China

• Silk and porcelain

**India

• Cotton cloth

**SE Asia

• Spices (Sri Lanka - Black pepper)

**Islamic world

• Coffee, books, weapons

• Technology

  • China

    • Magnetic compass

  • Muslim sailors

    • Astrolabe made navigation possible by stars 

  • Islamic world

    • Triangular lateen sail allowed ships to use wind to propel ships forward

    • Islam spread via the Indian Ocean Trade

      • Leaders adopted Islam to have a religious tie to the people they governed

      • Islam spread to Indonesia, making it one of the most dominantly Islamic states in the world.

      • Vietnam, Laos, etc. were not highly converted to Islam because they were not centers for trade along the IO route.

• Indian Ocean trade was indispensable to the creation of many powerful trade centers

• Trade can be a weak foundation to build a city

• High taxes can drive out merchants

• Reliance upon trade makes cities more vulnerable to the highs and lows of the economy

• Merchants decide where the elite people go 

Medieval Era (400-1450 CE)

• Rise of the Umayyad (661-750 CE)  and Abbasid (750-1258 CE) dynasties which were religious-political governments on the Arabian peninsula

• The prophet Muhammad was a caravan leader and trader. 

• Provided a powerful Western structure for trade routes

Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279)China

• Encouraged maritime trade

• Song dynasty created a powerful navy to control the eastern end of the IO trade route and piracy

Chola Empire (3rd century BC - 1279)

• Dazzled travelers with its wealth 

• In southern India (on the coast)

• Grew in wealth and luxury due to trade

Srivijaya Empire (7th - 13th century)

• Boomed based solely on taxing trade vessels that passed through the malacca strait

Angkor Civilization (800-1327)

• Based in present-day Cambodia

• Wasn't directly connected to the IO trade network

• Connected by river

1498

• Portuguese Vasco de Gama in Indian Ocean

• Portuguese entered as pirates rather than traders due to a lack of items to trade

  • Seize ports and rob foreign merchant ships (targeted Muslims who they saw as “the enemy”

1602

• Dutch East India Company

  • Desired total monopoly on spices

1680

• British East India Company

  • Challenged Dutch

Goods began to move solely to Europe while Asian markets collapsed

2000-year-old Indian Ocean trade networks would be crippled

China

• Song and Tang Dynasty

  • MASSIVE effect on history

Russian Empire

Before the Russian Empire….

• Kievan Rus

• Kyiv was a powerful city

  • Believed to have been settled by Slavic people from Slavic people from around the Black Sea 

• Trade was important to Kiev

  • Wars ended with trade concession treaties

  • Law codes unusually focused on commerce

• Importance of agriculture

  • Relationship to land determined social status and tax burden

  • If you fell into tax debt, you became bonded to the land you bought for the rest of your life (most peasants did)

  • Bonded to land, you farmed for life

  • Traded things like fur, wax, and slaves

• The ruler of Kyiv was called the Grand Prince

  • Model for future Russian kings

  • Early Grand Princes made the fateful decision to become Byzantine Christians (choose Christianity over Islam because of prohibitions on drinking; womp womp)

Mongol Rule

• Mongols took over 

  • Known as Appanage (Princedom) Russia

  • Appanage Russia featured princes fighting over control of territories

• Established Khanate of the Golden Horde (Mongol empire established in 12th century that encompassed Russia)

  • Isolated Russia from Byzantines and Europe leaving them not European, Byzantine, or Mongol

  • It didn’t really leave a lasting impact on the region

  • Created massive population movement

• Hitler and Napoleon couldn’t conquer Russia during the winter but the Mongols could

**How did Mongols create prominence for Moscow and its princes?

• Muscovite (Moscow) princes were given the title of Grand Prince

• Grand Princes were able to collect tribute on behalf of Khan

  • Able to skim some money of the top of how much they collected

  • Money = The extra money helped increase Moscow’s influence

• Fought enemies on behalf of Russians

• Moscow had become the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church

• Moscow was able to defeat the Mongols in the 14th century

  • The victory strengthened the idea of a unified Russia; added stability (owed mostly to luck)

    • Muscovite Princes usually had sons (means they were able to have a successor)

• 15th century Muscovite Civil War (Basically 2 basils fighting and then blinding each other)

  • Basil II vs. Basil the cross-eyed (blind)

  • Basil II wins 

  • Basil cross-eyed was blinded

  • Later Basil II is also blinded by Basil the Blind’s brother but stays in political power and continues to rule Russia. (Because you can still rule Russia like a boss even if you are blind -Thurman)

• Rule followed by Ivan III (aka Ivan the Great)

  • Asserted Russian Independence

  • Expanded Russian power (expanded Muscovite Power)

  • Said the was the supreme ruler of Russia took the title of Czar

  • Created a centralized state 

• Ivan IV (aka Ivan the Terrible [1533-1547) (Took the throne at the age of 16)

  • Beginning of Russian autocracy

  • Beginning of rule…

    • Reformed the army

    • Established a council of representatives 

  • The second half of his rule…

    • Believed it was either the death of his wife or his sadistic behaviors (torturing and murdering animals) as a child that caused this

    • Goal to break power of nobility (Boyars)

      • Established secret police

      • Established absolute monarchy 

The Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries)

• A period in European history, primarily spanning the 14th to 16th centuries, marked by a cultural rebirth that saw a revival of classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and philosophy, signifying a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era.

• Apparent in art, architecture

Intro of Humanism

• A non-religious philosophy that emphasizes the value of humans and their ability to lead ethical lives

• Belief that people can understand the world through reason and experience

• People are equal in moral worth, and that everyone has a right to the greatest possible freedom.

• Renaissance artists were very religious (painted the Virgin Mary over and over and over and over and over)

• Not exclusive to religion

They loooooooved that girl mary

• Renaissance was born in Italy (16th century ish)

• Italian city-states were wealthy

• Industrial powers that specialized in particular products

  • Florence = cloth

  • Milan = weapons

  • Venice and Genoa = trade

  • Venice became wealthiest city-state due to trade with Ottomans

- When Alum was found in Europe, Europeans no longer needed to trade with the Turks (ottomans) for alum. Giovanni d’Castro urged his important relative (who was it?)  to invest in the mountains of alum, in which all profits returned to Europe (making the medici very rich and in turn, invest large sums into the arts) and the important relatives.

• The Muslim world was the source of many writings studied by Renaissance thinkers 

• The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 further spread Greek Ideas

  • Byzantine scholars fled to Italy

The Renaissance actually DIDN'T happen (Thurman's argument)

• Time! No one was aware they were changing history

• Renaissance only experienced by the richest people

• The rediscovery of ancient works did not change the way people were living

• Matildes fun fact: The Renaissance never really reached Spain, as the Spanish Inquisition and the overbearing power of the church prevented any enlightenment of art and science

Truth always resists simplicity

Elizabethan Era (the Golden Age of England)

• Sonnet - a 14 line poem (ex. Sonnet XXIX)

  • Rhyme Scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

• Dactyl: 1st stressed, 2nd & 3rd unstressed

• Iamb: 1st unstressed, 2nd stressed

• Iambic Pentameter: 10 foot Iamb with the words across the foot and is naturally suited to the English Language

Sonnet XXIX:
When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, [A]

I all alone beweep my outcast state, [B]

And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries, [A]

And look upon myself and curse my fate, [B]

Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, [C]

Featured like him, like him with friends possessed, [D]

Desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope, [C]

With what I most enjoy contented least; [D]

Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, [E]

Haply I think on thee, and then my state, [F]

(Like to the lark at break of day arising [E]

From sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven’s gate; [F]

For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings [G]

That then I scorn to change my state with kings. [G]

English

Chinese Poetry

The greatest Chinese poets come from the Tang dynasty

The greatest meaning is most well-known and influential, not objectively the best

Golden age of Chinese poetry

• Li Po (Li Bai) 

  • Widely considered the greatest of all Chinese poets and the father of Chinese Poetry (His contribution is often compared to Shakespeare’s contribution to English literature)

  • He lived from 701 CE to 762  CE and was revered throughout China during his lifetime. His poetry is still taught in Chinese textbooks today. 

  • He was good friends with Tu Fu - widely considered the other great of Chinese poetry.

  • Legend claims he died by falling into the Yangtze River trying to grab the moon’s reflection in the water.

• Tu Fu (Du Fu) 

  • Known as the “poet-historian” and “poet-sage” of China

  • Lived from 712-770 (wanted to be a civil servant but failed the civil service exam)

  • The last 15 years of his life were a period of great unrest in China and this troubled him greatly, a feeling that appeared in his poetry.

  • The last 15 years of his life were a period of great unrest in China, and this troubled Tu Fu a great deal. 

  • He is the first person in the historical record identified as a diabetic patient

Poem Annotation

Middle English and Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer

• Born c. 1340

• Example of “upward mobility”

  • Great-grandfather ran a tavern; Grandfather was a wine merchant, and father had a royal appointment as a wine merchant. 

• Also spent time as a soldier, astronomer, philosopher, and civil servant (he wrote a piece on astronomy for his son)

• Died c. 1400

  • May have been murdered?

• Buried in Westminster Abbey

  • One of the first writers buried in Poets’ Corner

Old English- AD 650–1100

Middle English- AD 1100–1500

Modern English- Early: 1500–1800 CE & Late: 1800 CE–Today

The Great Vowel Shift

A drastic change in pronunciation specifically in how long vowels are vocalized

• Sheep sounds like “shape”

• Sight sounds like “seet”

• Rede sounds like “raid”

• Mate sounds like “math”

Estates Satire: A way to criticize the different estates and what they weren’t doing

Canterbury Tales

Overall structure

• Knight is the highest ranking among the characters: tells the first tale (about chivalry, courtly love, etc.)

• Miller tells his story (he is insistent on telling it)

• The Carpenter tells his story (responding to the miller)

  • Most tales are in response to each other's stories

Tale of the wife of bath 

Allusions

• Dante's Inferno

• King midas has donkey ears

Shows

• What she thinks about morality

• She is intelligent but not completely correct in her writings/allusions

• During this time many people who preached could manipulate scripture to what they wanted to share

• She is selective and manipulative; she will tell a half-truth to tell the story

Characters

• Old lady- closes’;. to the wife of bath

• Queen- values change; 

• Knight- in the beginning, he is unrespectful to women; at the end, he is more understanding

End

• The old lady turns into a pretty woman and asks the knight to choose - young and unfaithful or ugly and faithful; he chooses to let her choose

• Women want autonomy & power over themselves/ decisions 

Chaucer takes his leave

• Possible Reason: pressured out of fear, Part of the satire, actual repent, excuse for not finishing book, way of escaping criticism of the story

Medieval vs. Renaissance Art

Medieval Art

• Lacks depth or perspective 

• Figures are stiff and elongated 

• Facial expressions lack emotions 

• Background frequently a solid color 

• Not a lot of individuality portrayed

• Not much effort put into the art work

• Emphasis on revelation (not realism)

Examples:

Renaissance Art

• Use of perspective 

• Realistic figures that convey emotions 

• Natural landscapes as background 

• Looking back to classical Greece and Rome (especially idealized human form!)

• Renaissance artist had high status because having patrons was an upper class symbol

• Wealth was less about nobility and more about ability to make money

• Byzantine art challenged by new realism of Italian artists

• Florence most culturally influential because of commerce

Beginning Renaissance Artist

• Giotto (1267-1337)

  • Granddaddy of the Renaissance

  • Innovates art by breaking with Middle Ages

  • Giotto, like Dante, is a bridge between the medieval and Renaissance periods.

• Masaccio (1401-1428)

  • Art is becoming more realistic

  • First great renaissance painter

  • Turns art into a science

  • Foreground and depth are introduced

  • Clarity of line

  • Concern for perspective

  • Psychological states evident

  • Uncluttered arrangement

The Early and High Renaissance Artists

• Donatello (1386-1466)

  • Florentine sculptor

  • Wood, bronze, and marble

  • First free standing statues of the Renaissance

• Botticelli (1444-1510)

  • Shows the influence of trade on art – Artists of the middle ages largely showed solely religious scenes.

  • The Renaissance does not abandon religion contrary to popular belief, it just de-emphasizes its role adding a concern with the things of this world, such as trade, and things of the non-Christian past, such as Greek and Roman learning.

• Da Vinci (1452-1519)

  • Florentine artist

  • Anatomical studies

  • Dissected cadavers (which was viewed as devilish and bordering on witchcraft and sorcery at this time)

  • Mechanical studies

  • Considered the first great Renaissance painter, Masaccio turns painting into a science as he studies and copies the relics of Rome to create a greater sense of reality.  His innovation, key to the future of art even to this day if you think about the prevalence of film, is the emphasis on realistic and mathematically correct perspective, including shadow.

• Michelangelo (1476-1564)

  • Carved from 1501-1504

  • Realistic

  • Idealized beauty

  • Symbolized Florence’s civic power 

• Raphael (1483-1520)

• The School of Athens most famous piece because it looks back to the classics: philosophy, education, and architecture all represented

• Plato holds Timaeus and points to the heavens

• Aristotle holds Ethics and points to the earth

• Pythagoras calculates on a slate

• Ptolemy holds a globe

• Raphael looks to the viewer

The Northern Renaissance Artists

• Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441)

  • Flemish painter

  • Painted in Bruges

  • The Arnolfini marriage commemorated his witnessing of the 1434 marriage of a Florentine representative of the Medici bank

  • Exquisite technique

  • Symbolism

  • Microscopic attention to detail

• Fertility 

• Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

  • Pessimistic view of nature

  • Complicated, bizzare scenes

  • Paintings show consequences of sin

  • Almost nothing is known of his life

  • Symbolism too complex to fully understand

• Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

  • Born in Nuremberg but moved to Venice

  • Most well known works were woodcuts and line  engravings

  • Extremely difficult medium

  • Inspired by the Reformation

• Pieter Brueghel (1525-1569)

  • Realistic depictions of middle class and lower class life

  • Best known paintings are scenes of peasant life

  • Represents culmination of Renaissance art in Netherlands

  • Crowded canvases 

  • Apparent futility of human existence

  • Everyday life is the focus of the piece

  • Icarus is a side note to the ploughman.

Shakespeare and Iambic Pentameter

Vocab

• Sonnet: a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line. (rhyme scheme - a b a b c d c d e f e f g g)

• Soliloquy: an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play.

• Monologue: a long speech by one actor in a play or movie, or as part of a theatrical or broadcast program.

• Dramatic irony: a literary device by which the audience's or reader's understanding of events or individuals in a work surpasses that of its characters

• Iambic pentameter: a rhythmic pattern that consists of ten syllables per line, with alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. The pattern that emerges sounds like this: da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM

• Aside: a remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play.

AP Stuff

How to SAQ:

• 1 and 2 are mandatory and have attached doc/image/chart

• Pick either 3 or 4 (neither have stimulus)

ACE Method

A: Answer; identify and claim a SPECIFIC answer to the question (rewrite the question as a statement)

C: Cite; define or describe your identified answer (specific historical reference)

     E: Expand; connect your answer using historical context as it relates to the question (how did that affect the world/why is that important)

Potential Sentence Starters

Sentence 1- Rephrase the prompt to answer the question

Sentence 2 - “This is shown (through, during, by)...”

Sentence 3 - “Because of this…”

Format

(Always 3 SAQs)

A-

B-

C-

OR

A1-

A2-

B-

Example

A- Describe one way that Humanities Speed Walking is beneficial to new students.

(all verbs at the beginning of the question should be read as “identify and explain”)

A- One way that Humanities Speed Walking is beneficial to new students is that it provides ideas on ways to study. This is shown by the sophomores passing on their advice to the new freshmen. Because of this, the new students have a better understanding of how to study for the class.

How to HIPP(o) 

How to HIPPO

H - Historical Context

I - Intended Audience

P - Perspective

P - Point of view (the worst one 👎👎👎)

Say why is the HIPP important, and how that affect the document

1-2 sentences

DBQ (our fav 😁😆😍🐬✨🌈☁🌊) 

⬑(I just wanna be part of your symphony by du do du do)

Examples of former DBQs 😀

AP History--DBQ Rubric

Prompt: Evaluate the extent (determine how much) of change in ideas about American Independence from 1763 to 1783

1. Read the prompt and mark it up 

   1. Evaluate the extent = Determine how much

   2. Mark the period (i.e. 1763-1783)

   3. Look for keywords (political, social, economic, etc.)

2. Read all documents quickly (up to 15 mins)

• Read the source

3. Group into buckets

•  2-3 buckets

• each bucket must have at least 2 documents within it

  • Each document should be used at least once

• summarize main idea of each (IN YOUR OWN WORDS)

FROM EXAMPLE:

1- Dogs are overall healthier animals (3, 6,)

2- Dogs are more intelligent talk about emotional and intellectual  (1, 4,)

3- Dogs can be trained to complete tasks (5, 7)

Counter: excessive needs (2)

Format

Intro:

Contextualization

• Vague period around the prompt (before or during NOT after)

• 3-4 sentences

Thesis (say how much, good or bad, etc.)

Body (2-3 paragraphs):

Topic sentence (1 bucket)

• Outline the argument of the paragraph

Summary of the document with citation (1-2 sentences)

• One document at a time

• In your own words

• NO QUOTES

Ex:  “In Document #, summary.”

OR “*Summary sentence*... (Document #).”

HIPP (see How to HIPP)

Tieback to the thesis statement

• Always connect back to the topic sentence/thesis after summarizing the doc!!!! (use ‘’this shows” or “this demonstrates” or “this supports the idea that” or “this proves” or “this supports the idea that…  by…”)

*Repeat for all docs

Outside evidence (only need 1 per DBQ)

• Can’t be in the documents

• Must be related to the same time, idea, and place

• Name it, explain it, connect it to the thesis

• Sentence starter - “Although not mentioned in the documents……”

Reasoning Point:

• Use all 7 docs effectively/interpreted correctly

• HIPP at least 4 docs of your choice

• Counter argument

  • Do the opposite of the thesis and nullify your entire argument :/  (if you said a big change in the thesis, say it was a small change; if you picked to compare two places/things/ideas, compare one to something else; etc.) 

*Thurmans’ thesis - From 1763 to 1783 ideas about American Independence changed greatly from the colonies blindly accepting the tyranny of the British by religious rights of divine kings to believing in natural rights of individuals against British rule.

Outside Evidence

-Cant be something already given in the first 7 documents

-Think of this as doc #8

-Must connect to the same idea, time, and place as prompt

-name, explain, and connect to the argument

-Use “Although not mentioned in the documents…”

Reasoning Point 

-use all 7 documents effectively

-HIPP at least 4 documents

-counter argument to thesis (can double dip documents)

-Synthesis

LEQ (better than DBQs by a MILE)

     35 minutes

3 prompts

• 1200-1750

• 1450-1900

• 1750-2001

• Regardless of the time period, all will focus on the same reasoning skill

  • Comparison

  • Causation

  • Continuity and change over time (ccot)

    • Address something from all the periods Beginning, middle, end

Contextualization

• 3-4 sentences

• Background about events that happened before or during the prompt

• How we got to the topic (broad ideas) sprinkled with specific evidence (just name don't explain)

  • Don’t use this evidence later

• You can reference the event the prompt centers around however you CANNOT reference the exact prompt

AP History--LEQ Rubric

AP World History: Modern 2023 Free-Response Questions: Set 2 

AP World History: Modern - -Student Samples from the 2023 Exam Administration

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which ongoing cross-cultural interactions affected trade and/or exploration during the period 1450-1750

Context-

-Colonization

-Exploration

-Columbus 

Evidence

-Columbus (don't use twice)

-transatlantic slave trade

-new technology (astrolabe, compass, gunpowder, caravel)

-god, gold, glory

-triangle trade route

-the spread of Christianity

-Columbian exchange

-accurate map making

-mercantilism

-Silver

-corn, tobacco, sugar

Thesis

MUST GO BEYOND THE PROMPT (don't copy word for word)

During the period 1450-1750, trade and exploration were greatly affected by new technology, trade routes, and European economic dominance.

Topic sentence:

During the period 1450-1750, trade and exploration were greatly affected by new technologies.

Another way trade and exploration were affected by trade routes

A third-way trade and exploration were affected by the continuation of European economic dominance. 

Body paragraphs

Give 2 pieces of evidence (vocab) per body paragraph  (ex. New technology: compass/ astrolabe then define the term)

LEQ outline

Intro Paragraph

• Context

• Thesis

Body paragraphs (2-3): 

• Topic sentence (analysis)

• incorporate 2 pieces of evidence (evidence point 1)

  • Explain what the evidence is

• Connect evidence back to the argument made in the topic sentence using “this supports/proves/demonstrates” (evidence point 2)

Reasoning/Complexity

Counterargument (2 pieces of evidence)

Connect to a different historical period or place 

Focus on the opposite (comparisons vs contrasts, causes vs effects, changes vs continuity)

No conclusion

Writing Practice

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which Mongol expansion affected the peoples of Eurasia during this period.

Context 

• Mongols- Genghis Khan (civil war, how they developed, liked by peasants

•  but not by rich, favorable weather conditions, controlled a ton of land.)

Thesis 

• The Mongols expansion greatly affected the peoples of Eurasia by supporting trade, aiding in the economy and the use of documentation allowing for the combination of ideas.

6 evidence points

1. Bringing back the Silk Road

2. Helping China’s Peasant economy

3. Gunpowder and stirrups

4. Art of the time

5. Writing done by the people

6. Technological advancements

Counter Argument

• Short lived empire

Textbook

hum notes: textbook sem2

^ David You’s

^Sarah’s (objectively better)

Wow sarah good work