Phonetics, Continued

• air flow is directly related to loudness
• air flow configurations
  • oral: air coming primarily through mouth (a, e)
  • nasal: velic port is open and mouth is closed. air is just coming out nose (m, n)
  • nasalized: velic port and mouth open. air flows through both mouth and nose
• air flow is critical for understanding articulation (VPM)
  • voicing: action of air flow at larynx
  • larynx composed of several cartilages
    • thyroid, artenoid, hyoid
  • vowels are always voiced, consonants can be voiced or voiceless
  • place: action of air flow at velic tract
  • x-axis on IPA chart
  • bilabial: both lips (p, b)
  • labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth (f, v)
  • dental: tongue tip touches front teeth (t)
  • alveolar: tongue tip touches alveolar ridge 
  • post-alveolar: tongue body is curved back to touch rear of alveolar ridge
    • retroflexion: underside of tongue is facing hard palate
  • palatal: body of tongue, not tip (yellow)
  • velar: dorsum of tongue raises to make contact at soft palate (k, g)
  • uvular: dorsum of tongue raiss to make contact at uvula (q)
  • pharyngeal: tongue root retracts toward the oropharynx ®
  • glottal: vocal folds at larynx (british ‘bottle’)
  • manner: how airflow at vocal tract is manipulated
  • y axis on IPA chart
  • stops / plosives: moving articulator makes a temporary seal of airflow. released to make sound
  • fricatives: narrow constricting of air flow in oral cavity. air flow becomes turbulent
  • approximates: mildly impedes airflow, but not enough to create turbulence (r, j, w)
    • central approximate: tongue remains in normal axis
    • lateral: sides of the tongue (lamina) fold in
    • [l] loop. light l
    • [ɬ] pool. dark l

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