PLTW - IED EOC Review Terms

Innovation & Invention

• Innovation: Improving an existing technology.
• Invention: Creating a completely new product or process.

Design Process

• Design Brief: A written plan that identifies a problem, criteria, and constraints.
• Design Process: A problem-solving strategy to develop and narrow down solutions.

Technical Drawings & Sketching

• Construction Line: Thin lines used as guides.
• Hidden Line: Represents a non-visible edge.
• Object Line: Heavy, solid line representing the outline of an object.
• Isometric Sketch: Pictorial sketch with 120-degree angles between axes.
• Oblique Sketch: Flat front with depth lines at an angle (typically 45 degrees).
• Perspective Sketch: Uses vanishing points for depth and distortion.
• Orthographic Projection: Representing 3D objects on a 2D plane.
• Multiview Drawings: Views of an object projected onto multiple orthographic planes.
• Technical Working Drawing: Shows material, size, and shape for manufacturing.

Lines & Dimensions

• Dimension Lines: Thin lines with arrowheads indicating measurements.
• Extension Lines: Thin lines establishing the extent of a dimension.
• Break Line: A line used to interrupt a drawing if an object won't fit on a drawing sheet.
• Cutting Plane Line: Indicates where a cut was made for a sectional view.
• Section Lines: Represent material cut through in a sectional view.
• Phantom Line: Shows alternate positions of an object.

Standards & Organizations

• ANSI: American National Standards Institute, coordinates voluntary standards.
• ISO: International Organization for Standardization, develops technical standards.
• ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, sets codes and standards.

Mathematical Concepts

• Mean: Average value.
• Median: Middle value in a sorted set.
• Mode: Most frequent value.

CAD & Modeling

• Numeric Constraint: A number value or equation controlling geometric figure size/location.
• Geometric Constraint: Non-numerical relationships between parts (e.g., parallelism).
• Revolution: Creating a 3D shape by revolving a 2D shape around an axis.
• Degree of Freedom: Variables by which an object can move (6 total).

Models & Prototypes

• Model: Representation of an object or design.
• Mock-up: Appearance model for instructional or experimental purposes.
• Prototype: Full-scale working model for testing.
• Scale Model: Enlarged or reduced representation for study.

Manufacturing Features

• Counterbore: Cylindrical recess for a bolt head or nut.
• Countersink: Conical recess for a tapered screw.
• Blind Hole: A hole that doesn't go through the workpiece.
• Tap: To cut internal threads.
• Spotface: Shallow recess for a fastener bearing surface.

Drawings & Assemblies

• Assembly Drawing: Shows parts assembled.
• Exploded Assembly: Parts shown out of position for clarity.
• Detail Drawing: Dimensioned drawing of a single part.
• Parts List: List of materials/parts (Bill of Materials - BOM).
• Working Drawings: Information needed to manufacture and assemble a design.

General Concepts

• Tolerance: Permissible variation in dimension.
• Auxiliary View: Orthographic view from a non-standard direction.
• Sectional View: Shows the interior of an object as if cut.
• Surface Area: The sum of all the areas of all the faces or surfaces that enclose a solid.
• Volume: Amount of space occupied.
• Annotate: Add explanatory notes.

Fluid Power

• Fluid Power: Energy transmitted by pressurized fluid.
• Hydraulics: Fluid power using pressurized liquid.
• Pneumatics: Fluid power using compressed gas.

Design Considerations

• Aesthetic: Concerned with beauty and appearance.
• Ergonomics: Designing for safe and efficient human interaction.

Processes

• Reverse Engineering: Analyzing a product to understand its function.

Workplace Safety

• OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Project Management

• Product lifecycle: Stages from concept to withdrawal.
• Gantt Chart: Time and activity bar chart for planning.
• Decision Matrix: A tool for systematically ranking alternatives according to a set of criteria.

Teamwork

• Norms: Principles guiding group behavior.
• Synergy: Team is stronger than individual members.
• Mechanism: An assembly of moving parts completing a functional motion.