Concept	Environmental Justice Organizations (EJOs) and Actors Promoting It	Short Description
Environmental Justice (EJ)	USA civil rights movement, North Carolina 1982 (Bullard 1990, 1999)	‘People of color’ and low-income populations suffer disproportionate harm from waste sites, refineries, incinerators, and transport infrastructures.
Environmental Racism	Rev. Benjamin Chavis, c. 1982	The fight for EJ against pollution in Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous areas was seen as a fight against environmental racism.
Ecological Debt	Instituto Ecología Política, Chile, 1992, Acción Ecológica 1997	Rich countries’ liability for resource plunder and disproportionate use of space for waste dumping (e.g., greenhouse gases).
Popular Epidemiology	Brown 1992, 1997	‘Lay’ local knowledge of illnesses from pollution may be more valid than official knowledge.
Environmentalism of the Poor	A. Agarwal/S. Narain (Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Delhi) c. 1989	Struggles by poor/indigenous peoples against deforestation, dams, and mining; proactive collective projects for water harvesting and forest conservation.
Food Sovereignty	La Via Campesina, c. 1996	People’s right to healthy, culturally appropriate, sustainably produced food and to define their own food and agriculture systems.
Biopiracy	Pat Mooney, Rural Advancement Fund International (RAFI), 1993, popularized by Vandana Shiva	Appropriation of genetic resources (medicinal or agricultural) without recognizing indigenous knowledge and property rights.
Climate Justice	CES (Delhi), 1991, Durban Alliance, CorpWatch 1999–2002	Radically reduce excessive per capita emissions of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (‘subsistence emissions vs. luxury emissions’).
Water Justice, Hydric Justice	Rutgerd Boelens, EJOs in Latin America (e.g., CENSAT), 2011	Water should not be controlled by money or power but should go to those needing it for livelihood.
Water as a Human Right	Pablo Solon (Bolivian envoy to the UN), Maud Barlow (Council of Canadians), 2001	Recognized as an independent human right by the UN in 2011.
‘Green Deserts’	Brazil, network against eucalyptus plantations, Rede Alerta contra o Deserto Verde, 1999	Brazilian term for eucalyptus plantations; used by CSOs, researchers, and activists for tree plantations.
Tree Plantations Are Not Forests	Pulping the South (Carrere, Lohmann, World Rainforest Movement, 1996)	WRM opposes tree plantation conflicts and calls for changing FAO’s definition of a forest to exclude tree monocultures.
Land Grabbing	GRAIN (small pro-peasant EJO), 2008	The wave of land acquisitions in Southern countries for export plantations, leading to statistics on land grabbing.
Resource Caps	Resource Cap Coalition (RCC), Europe, c. 2010	Advocates for reducing global resource use and poverty; calls for a European energy quota scheme and the ratification of the Rimini protocol.
To Ogonize/Yasunize	Environmental Rights Action (ERA) Nigeria, Acción Ecológica, Oilwatch, 1997–2007	"Leave oil in the soil" to prevent damage to human rights and biodiversity and to combat climate change.
Rights of Nature	Ecuador, Constitutional Assembly, 2008	Included in Ecuador’s 2008 Constitution (Article 71), allowing nature’s rights to be actionable in court.
Corporate Accountability	Friends of the Earth (FoE) International, 1992–2002	At the UN Johannesburg summit, FoE proposed a Corporate Accountability Convention against weak Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles.
‘Critical Mass,’ Cyclists’ Rights	San Francisco 1992 (Chris Carlsson)	International movement reclaiming the streets through mass cycling to advocate for cyclists' rights.
Urban Waste Recyclers’ Movements	GAIA against incineration and ‘energy valorization’ of urban waste, c. 2005	Waste gatherers’ cooperatives and unions contribute to environmental benefits, including climate change mitigation.
Urban ‘Guerrilla Food Gardening’	c. 2000, started by ‘food justice’ networks	Movements promoting vacant-lot food growing, permaculture, and community gardening in urban areas worldwide.
Toxic Colonialism, Toxic Imperialism	Basel Action Network (BAN), c. 2000	Fighting the export of hazardous waste from rich to poor countries (e.g., ship-breaking, chemical residues, nuclear waste, e-waste).
Post-Extractivism	Latin America, 2007, Eduardo Gudynas, CLAES, Alberto Acosta, Maristella Svampa	Opposes the reprimarization of Latin American economies, advocating for sustainable, solar-powered economies with raw material export taxes.
Buen Vivir, Sumak Kawsay	Ecuador and Bolivia, 2008	Indigenous-inspired alternative to Western development, enshrined in Ecuadorian and Bolivian constitutions.
Indigenous Territorial Rights and Prior Consultations	Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization (ILO), 1989; adivasi forest rights in India	Used in conflicts over mining, oil exploitation, and dams, advocating for indigenous rights.
‘Sand Mafias’	Named c. 2005 by environmental movements and journalists	Illegal sand and gravel mining in India’s rivers, driven by the booming construction industry.
‘Cancer Villages’	China, popular term adopted by academics and officials (Lora-Wainwright 2013)	Rural villages with pollution-related health issues (e.g., heavy metals), where local knowledge of illness plays a crucial role.

Martinez-Alier Vocabulary Terms