I. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

• Demonstrative adjectives demonstrate where a subject is located.

• There are three different types of location when using demonstrative adjectives(from closest to farthest): Aquí(here), Ahí(there), and Allí(over there)

• Demonstrative pronouns work in the same way as demonstrative adjectives, except in the fact that they replace a subject / noun

  Location	Singular Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns	Plural Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
  Aquí (here)	Este - Esta (this)	Estos - Estas (these)
  Ahí (there)	Ese - Esa (that)	Esos - Esas (those)
  Allí (over there)	Aquel - Aquella (that)	Aquellos - Aquellas (those)

• As noted in the table, the adjectives/pronouns match the subject’s gender(whether it is feminine or masculine) and it’s quantity(whether it’s bsingular or plural)

• Example of demonstrative adjective:

  • Me gusta esas camisetas (I like those t-shirts)

• Example of demonstrative pronoun:

  • ¿Qué gatito te gusta?(Which kitten do you like?)

  • Me gusta esta (I like this one)

• Neuter demonstrative pr onouns are demonstrating loctation even though the subject’s gender is unkown, so the gender is neutral.

  location	Neuter demonstrative pronoun (unknown subject)
  Aquí (here)	Esto (this)
  Ahí (there)	Eso (that)
  Allí (over there)	Aquello (that)

• Example of neuter demonstrative:

  • ¿Qué es aquello, al lado del pizarra? (What’s that, next to the board?)

II. Possessive Adjectives

• Possessive adjectives are adjectives that show belonging. This means that the adjectives show who a subject belongs to. The adjectives are placed right before the subject, to indicate possesion.

• The adjectives depend on whether there is multiple of the subject or not, and depends on the gender of the subject for nosotros/vosotros (Does NOT depend on the gender of the speaker(s))

• Person/people the subject belongs to	Singular possesive adjectives	Plural possessive adjectives
  Yo	Mi	Mis
  Tú	Tu	Tus
  El/Ella/Ud.	Su	Sus
  Nosotros	Nuestro/Nuestra	Nuestros/Nuestras
  Vosotros	Vuestro/Vuestra	Vuestros/Vuestras
  Ellos/Ellas/Uds.	Su	Sus

• Examples:

  • Mi escuela tiene los libros muy mal(My school has very bad books)

  • Nuestra escuela está horrible(Our school is horrible)

  • No me gusta nuestros bolígraphos (I don’t like our pens)

  • Quiero salir con mi amiga, pero su madre no la dajará (I want to go out with my friend but her mom wont let her)

III. Present Tense Reflexive Verbs

• Reflexive verbs can show who is doing an action to who/what in a phrase. You can tell if a verb is reflexive if it has ‘ser’ at the end of it, which will move to before the verb when put into a phrase. The conjugation of the verb ‘ser’ denotes who is recieving the action, while the conjugation of the other verb denotes who is performing the action.

• Examples of conjugations:

  • (Tú) Me bañas (You bathe me)

  • (Yo) Se encuentro (I meet them/him/her)

• Common Reflexive verbs:

  • Afeitarse

  • Bañarse

  • Lavarse

  • Levantarse

  • Maquillarse

  • Verse

IV. Present Tense Stem Changing Verbs

• Stem changing verbs are verbs that change when they are conjugated in a typical way

• Reflexive verbs can be stem changing as well, they don’t necessarily have to be independant

• These verbs do not change stems for nosotros or vosotros, even if it is a reflexive verb as well

• Common Regular Stem Changing Verbs:

  • Cerrar (e-ie)

  • Empezar (e-ie)

  • Querer (e-ie)

  • Preferir (e-ie)

  • Almorzar (o-ue)

  • Poder (o-ue)

  • Volver (o-ue)

  • Dormir (o-ue)

  • Elegir (e-i)

  • Pedir (e-i)

  • Repetir (e-i)

  • Servir (e-i)

• Common Reflexive and Stem Changing Verbs:

  • Despertarse (e-ie)

  • Acostarse (o-ue)

  • Encontrarse (o-ue)

  • Vestirse (e-i)

V. Numbers 1-999

• The image below shows most of the information needed for numbers

  

• Note that the only numbers with an acien mar are numbers 16 22 23 and 26, and is the same when included with a hundred’s place (e.g. ciento veintidós)

• The ‘y’ is only included from the tens to the ones place, not from hundreds to tens or hundreds to ones (e.g. doscientos uno, doscientos diez, doscientos treinta y uno)
  

VI. Tener que vs Hay que vs Deber

• Tener que + infinitive is used when it is necessary for someone specific to do something

• Hay que + infinitive is used when it is necessary for people in general to do something.

• Deber + infinitive is used when someone (specific) should do something.

• Examples in context

  • Juan tiene que ayudar su madre. (Juan has to help his mom)

  • Hay que llamar los padres dos veces del semana. (It is necessary to call your parents twice a week)

  • Cuando es mi cumpleaños, debes traer un regalo, por favor. (when it’s my birthday, you should bring a gift, please.)

VII. Future Tense Verbs (ir a...)

• When speaking about future tense, specifically when ‘going to…’ do something, the form is “ir a” + infinitive verb, where the ‘ir’ is conjugated in present tense.

• Examples:

  • Voy a ir a mi casa (i’m going to go to my house)

  • ¿Vas a bañar despues de la fiesta? (Are you going to shower after the party?)

VIII. Ser vs Estar

• The verbs ser and estar are hard to comprehend in english because their translation is exactly the same with the meaning of “to be”

• However, there is a difference that learners must note because it is a very important concept in speaking spanish spanish

• Ser is used to discuss a permanent characteristic

• Estar is used to discuss a temporary condition

IX. Irregular Verbs

• The image above shows some common irregular verbs, such as conocer and ir, as well as verbs without regular conjugation

• another verb is the tener verb, which means ‘to have’

X. Adverbs of Quantity

• Mucho means a lot, poco means a little, bastante means enough, and demasiado means too much

• The adverbs work differently than other verbs:

  • When before a subject, the verb’s gender matches the subject

  • Examples:

    • “Juan come mucho pollo.”

    • “Juan come mucha naranja.”

    • “Juan come muchos mariscos.”

    • “Juan come muchas manzanas.”

  • However, when there is no noun placed right after the adverb, then the verb assumes it’s nuetral form

    • Example: “Juan come mucho”

• The word muy, which means ‘very’ is another adverb, but it behaves a little differently than the others

• This adverb does not change because there will never be a noun right after it, as it is used to describe characteristics of nouns or subjects.

• The difference between muy and mucho is that muy is used for the characteristics while mucho is used to describe the amount of something

  • Example: Olivia es muy intelligente

XI. Verbs for expressing ‘like’

• When expressing how someone ‘likes’ or ‘loves’ something, the common verbs to use are “gustar” and “encantar”

• These verbs conjugate differently, as they do not depend on the person speaking or speaking about, rather the subject at which they are refering to

• They only have two forms, singular and plural, and the conjugation stays the same.

• Examples of these in use:

  • “Me gusta la biblioteca”

  • “Nos gusta el supermarcado”

  • “¿Te encantan (tú) las camisas?

  • “¿Le gustan (ustedes) los zapatos?”

XII. Describing objects

• Introduction

• For physical characteristics such as size, shape, and color

  • “¿Cómo es?” (What is it like?)

  • “Es…(description)” (It’s….)

  • “¿Cómo son?” (What are they like?)

  • “Son…(description)” (they’re….)

• For it’s material composition

  • “¿De qué es…?” (What is it made of?)

  • “Es de… (material)” (It’s made of…”)

  • “¿De qué son…?” (What are they made of?)

  • “Son de… (material)” (they’re made of…”)

• For it’s use

  • “¿Para qué se usa?” or “¿Para qué sirve?” (What is it used for?)

  • “Se usa para…(action)” or “Sirve para…(action” (It’s used for…)

  • “¿Para qué se usas?” or “¿Para qué sirven?” (What are they used for?)

  • “Se usan para…(action)” or “Sirven para…(action” (They’re used for…)

XIII. Prepositions

• en is used for a means of transportation, or location

• a is used for a destination, “conocer a (people)”, or “jugar a (sports/games)

  • a + el = al, a la, a los, y a las

• de is used for an origin, or a point of departure

  • de + el = del, de la, de los, de las

IXV. Pronouns

• Pronouns are words that are used in place of nouns, in order to shorten sentences

• In spanish there are four pronouns to refer to objects(lo, la, los, las) and four to refer to people(el, ella, ellos, ellas)

• The ones that are used to refer to nouns are placed right in front of the next verb being spoken about

• Example:

  • “A que hora terminaste el proyecto?”(What time did you finish the project?)

  • “Yo lo termino a las dos.” (I finish it at 2)

• The ones that refer to people are used exactly as they would be in english, just replacing the person being spoken about with the pronoun