PSYC 301

Page 1

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Page 2: Cranial Nerves Overview

• Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs, responsible for motor and sensory functions.

  • Olfactory (I): Smell.

  • Optic (II): Vision.

  • Oculomotor (III): Eye movement and eyelid elevation.

  • Trochlear (IV): Eye movement.

  • Trigeminal (V): Facial sensation and jaw movement (biting).

  • Abducens (VI): Eye movement.

  • Facial (VII): Facial muscles and taste (anterior tongue).

  • Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing and balance.

  • Glossopharyngeal (IX): Taste and sensation from posterior tongue.

  • Vagus (X): Voice and pharynx.

  • Accessory (XI): Shoulder movement.

  • Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movement.

Page 3: Neuroimaging: X-ray

• X-ray: Form of structural imaging using electromagnetic radiation.

  • Process:

    • X-ray tubes emit x-rays through the body.

    • Detectors collect x-rays creating images.

  • Uses:

    • Visualizes bones, joints, organs, and internal objects.

    • Identifies brain dysfunctions such as tumors and foreign objects in the head.

  • Safety:

    • Can cause radioactive damage to tissues.

Page 4: Cerebral Angiography

• Definition: A structural imaging technique using a catheter.

  • Process:

    • Catheter is inserted into an artery and guided to blood vessels in the brain.

    • Iodine contrast dye is injected to differentially absorb x-rays.

  • Uses:

    • Visualizes blood vessels (veins and arteries).

    • Diagnoses strokes, blockages in arteries, or bleeding in the brain.

    • Produces static images of the vascular system.

Page 5: Computed Tomography (CT)

• Definition: A structural imaging technique utilizing x-ray technology.

  • Process:

    • Multiple x-ray images are taken at different angles.

    • A computer reconstructs these into 3D images.

  • Uses:

    • Detects bones, muscles, organs, and blood vessels.

    • Differs between tissue types (light vs. dark).

  • Limitations:

    • Cannot differentiate grey vs. white matter well.

    • Misses certain abnormalities like tumors in specific cases.

  • Identifiable Dysfunctions:

    • Brain tumors, swelling, stroke-related damage, atrophy, and hydrocephalus.

Page 6: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Definition: A structural imaging technique using a magnetic field.

  • Process:

    • Aligns protons in the body with a strong magnetic field.

    • Uses radio frequencies to measure their realignment and relaxation signals.

  • Key Terms:

    • Relaxation - The process of atoms returning to a stable state.

  • Uses:

    • Differentiates between normal and abnormal soft tissues.

    • Visualizes brain tumors, strokes, tissue damage, and atrophy.

Page 7: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

• Definition: A type of MRI that measures the movement of hydrogen.

  • Process:

    • Uses magnetic resonance to track water molecule movement in tissues.

  • Uses:

    • Visualizes white matter paths (axons).

  • Identifiable Dysfunctions:

    • Psychopathy and schizophrenia.

Page 8: Electroencephalography (EEG)

• Definition: A functional imaging technique measuring brain voltage.

  • Process:

    • Captures collective electrical activity rather than individual neuron activities.

  • Uses:

    • Identifies states of consciousness: awake, sleep, or REM.

  • Identifiable Dysfunctions:

    • Epilepsy differences and cerebral death.

Page 9: Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

• Definition: A functional imaging technique utilizing radioactive substances.

  • Process:

    • Administers radioactive glucose or water.

    • Active brain areas absorb more glucose/water.

  • Uses:

    • Provides insights into brain activity changes due to strokes or conditions.

    • Visualizes neurotransmitter and protein activity in the brain.

Page 10: Functional MRI (fMRI)

• Definition: A functional MRI measuring oxygenated blood flow in the brain.

  • Process:

    • Active brain regions receive increased oxygenated blood, leading to BOLD responses.

  • Uses:

    • Helps in understanding brain function related to specific tasks or stimuli.