Test 2 study guide - bio 104.docx

Chapters 29,33,27,28

Yellow- test questions

Green- HW questions

Fern life cycle: going in a circle starting left going up and around clock wise

1: Mature sporophyte+ (b-e)

2: Leaflet, Undersurface +(a)

4. Sporangium +(d)

7. Antheridum

9. Archegonium with egg

10. Archegonium with zygote

12. Sporophyte on gametophyte

Chapter 29 •Fungi kingdom

- Fungi spores are the fastest thing on the planet

*rusts and smuts are fungi that grow on corn and kills it
- Ex. Chestnut blight- knocked out over half the chestnut trees
- the smaller an item is the thicker the air gets

Basic characteristics
1. Eukaryotic-
a. Secret digestive enzymes- Saprobes , Breakdown their substrate,

Cell walls- composed of chitin (carbohydrate),

• Most are multicellular
  *Yeasts are unicellular
• Molds-
• mycelium; comped of hyphae
  1. Hypha (singular)- coenocytic because no septa
  2. Reproduce sexually and asexually
  3. Dispersed by spores
  a. Sporangia bear spores
• Five main groups

1. Chytridiomycota

- aquatic
2 . Zygomycota

a. reproduces asexually with spores

b. reproduces sexually with zygospores (black mold on bread)

3. Glomeromycotan
a. specific structure called mycorrhizae; Symbiosis
b. Mutualism; planets are more efficient on nutrient uptake

4. Ascomycota (cup/sac fungi)
a. * unicellular yeasts, antibiotics

• Penicillin = asexual spores – cohidia
  b. *reproduce asexually via budding
  c. *reproduce sexually – ascus => ascospores
  d. Lichens- (its own form of mutualism) making the absorption of nutrients more efficient
  

5. Basidiomycota (club fungi): entails 90% of all fungi
a. Ex. Mushrooms
b. Produce sexually – basidiospores
c. Basidia are on the gills
• *Economic importance

o Break down dead organisms, wood
o Used to make food and drinks
o Make drugs and chemicals
o diseases

chapter 33 • plant structure and growth

• Plant body :
  1. root system: underground in the dark and moist; nutrients and minerals are obtained
  2. shoot system: vertical stems, leaves, flowers, seeds; photosynthesis; above ground; aerial; air
• Illuminated: dry air
• Nutrients: Co2 and light
  
• plant tissue system- functions
  1.ground tissue: photosynthesize, store, support; ex:
  2.Vascular: Intricate conducting system; Water, minerals, sugar; ex:
  3.dermal: covering for plant body; ex:
  
• Plant organs- roots, stems, leaves, flower parts, and fruits; because they are composed of all 3 plant tissue systems
  1. Ground tissue
  a. parenchyma: make up the thin cell wall; soft, edible part of an apple or potato
  => function; photosynthesis, storage
  b. Collenchyma: unevenly thickened primary cell wall; extremely flexible
  => function; Support (strings of celery)
  c, sclerenchyma: both primary and secondary cell wall that become hard b/c of extreme thickening at shell of nuts. ** sclereids are cells in shells of nuts; walnuts; Stones of stony fruit; cherry, peach also causes the gritty texture of pears.
  • majority of herbaceous plants- NOT woody
  • woody plants have secondary growth- wood
  • three tissues are apart of the plant tissue system
• Cell wall chemistry; Ligand- strengthening polymer, provides conduction, in wood

2. vascular tissue system
a. xylem: conducts water and minerals; moves up from roots to stem, to leaves
=>*two types of cells- tracheid’s and vessel elements
b. Phloem: Conducts carbohydrates created during photosynthesis; Goes down- leave to stem to roots; Sieve tube elements and companion cells

3. Dermal Tissue- 2 types: Epidermis and periderm

- Herbaceous plants: Single layer; Epidermis only
=> Woody plants: Epidermis layer and periderm (woody layer- outer bark)
a. Epidermis: A single layer of Transparent cells with guard cells and Hrichomes (allows light to penetrate deep into interior tissue for photosynthesis)
=> Secretes a waxy cuticle to retard water loss- keeps plant from drying out (made of cutin)
- Stomata- 2 guard cells; facilitates gas exchange via simple diffusion (oxygen inward and carbon dioxide outward) * open during the day for oxygen to go through*
b. Periderm- forms under the dermis, providing a new protective covering the epidermis is destroyed.

=> forms outer bark, replaces epidermis
=> Composed of mostly cork cells (coated with suberin- water proof) and cork parenchyma

• Meristems: plants only grow at meristems (animals grow everywhere)
• Meristematic growth occurs via mitosis: 2 types of growth
• Indeterminate: roots and stems (continuously grows)
• Determinate: leaves and flowers (is programed to stop growing at a certain point)
  
• Primary growth- all plants have it; increases the length of a foot and stem
• Entire herbaceous plant; @ apical meristems: tips of roots, shoots, and buds
• Secondary growth- woody dicots and gymnosperms; increase girth
• Gymnosperms – naked seed plants (pecans)
• Woody dicot – flowering plants (oaks and pine)

Chapter 27- seedless plants

• Label the alternation of generations (starting from the top left going down the right!)
• Miosis -> spores (n) -> mitosis -> Gametophyte (sperm- antheridium and egg- archegonium) -> mitosis-> fertilization -> zygote (2n) -> mitosis -> sporophyte
• Four extant groups of plants

1. Bryophytes: No vascular tissues; Small, requiring moist environment
2. Mosses [Bryophyta]

• Rhizoids are absorbative w/ leaf like blades
• Green gametophyte: dominate, sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte
• Water is required for fertilization.

1. Liverworts [haptophytes]

=> thalloid: flattered lobed structure

* archegonia: egg antheridia- sperm

(sexual reproductions!)

Gemmae- tiny balls in the gemmae cup- looks like a tiny cupped hole on the plant- water gets inside and they reproduce asexually

1. Hornworts [anthocerohta] - found in disturbed areas; dominant gametophyte
   • reproduce asexually and sexually

• Two types of leaves:
• Microphylls- one vain (club mosses- not actual mosses)
• Megaphylls- many veins (typical leaf)

1. Seedless vascular plants (dominate sporophyte)

evolved and gained vascular tissue- allowed the plants to grow upward and outward
o popped kind of like a little thorn
a. Club Mosses- [Lycopodiophyte]

*Microphylls “leaves”; evergreen

*Strobilus- cone like structure -> spores
• small, resemble conifers
• all seedless vascular plants have true roots, stems, and leaves
b. Ferns – [pterophyte]
• dominant sporophyte generation
• roots, rhizome- horizontal underground stems

• bear leaves and fronds; leaf of

Fern. begin as a fiddlehead (curly top part of the fern),

• spores born in sorus (sori) underside of frond
HW- fiddlehead, roots, fonds, rhizomes, fertilization, haploid to diploid

1. Whisk ferns
2. Horsetails- equisetum
   • hollow and stem is photosynthetic
   • leaves are small and modified
   • used to clean pots and pans

• Heterospories- produce 2 types of spores
  • strobilus
  • microspores (n)- microsporangia produce mother cells (microspores) through meiosis
  o male gametophyte meets the female
  o produces sperm cell
  • megaspores (n)- female portion
  o megasporangia produce mother cells (megaspores)
  o female gametophyte meets the male
  o produces egg cell

**requirement for seed production; characteristics of two most successful groups of plants- gymnosperms and
angiosperms