AP/Dual Enrollment US History Semester 1 Study Guide (Periods 1-5)

Impact of maize cultivation :: Allowed permanent settlements and complex Native societies in the Southwest and Mexico

Great Plains vs. Eastern Woodlands lifestyles :: Plains tribes were nomadic bison hunters; Eastern Woodlands tribes were settled farmers and foragers

Columbian Exchange :: Exchange of goods, people, ideas, and diseases between Europe and the Americas after 1492

Effect of biological exchange on Native Americans :: European diseases like smallpox devastated Native populations

Crop that increased European population :: Potato

Impact of horses on Plains Indians :: Improved hunting, travel, and warfare

Spanish Encomienda System :: Forced Native labor in exchange for protection and Christian conversion

Sepúlveda vs. Las Casas :: Sepúlveda supported harsh treatment; Las Casas argued for Native rights

Spanish motivations for colonization :: Gold, Glory, God

French vs. British colonial goals :: French focused on fur trade and Native alliances; British focused on land and farming

Mercantilism :: Economic system where colonies exist to enrich the mother country

Navigation Acts :: Restricted colonial trade to English ships and ports

Triangular Trade :: Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving enslaved people

Middle Passage :: Brutal voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas

Jamestown’s economic driver :: Tobacco

Indentured servitude vs. slavery :: Indentured servitude was temporary; slavery was permanent and hereditary

Bacon’s Rebellion :: Led to increased reliance on enslaved labor

First Great Awakening :: Religious revival emphasizing personal faith and emotional preaching

George Whitefield’s preaching style :: Emotional and dramatic

Political effect of Great Awakening :: Questioned authority and increased colonial unity

Salutary Neglect :: Britain loosely enforced colonial laws

War that caused British debt :: French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763 :: Restricted westward expansion

Declaratory Act :: Parliament had full authority over the colonies

Boston Massacre propaganda :: Used to portray British as tyrants

Sons of Liberty :: Group that protested British taxes

Main argument of Common Sense :: Independence and republican government

Inspiration for Declaration of Independence :: Virginia Declaration of Rights

Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation :: No power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws

Purpose of Federalist Papers :: Promote ratification of the Constitution

Federalist No. 10 warning :: Dangers of factions

Washington’s foreign policy advice :: Avoid entangling alliances

Washington on political parties :: Warned they would divide the nation

Revolution of 1800 :: Peaceful transfer of power to Thomas Jefferson

Republican Motherhood :: Women educate future citizens

Missouri Compromise :: Missouri slave, Maine free, 36°30′ line

Free state in Missouri Compromise :: Maine

Monroe Doctrine :: Opposed European colonization in the Americas

American System :: National bank, tariffs, internal improvements

Market Revolution :: Shift to industrial, market-based economy

Impact of cotton gin :: Increased demand for enslaved labor

Northern benefit from Southern cotton :: Fueled textile industry

Jacksonian Democracy :: Expanded voting rights to white men

Why Jackson vetoed the Bank :: Viewed it as corrupt and elitist

Trail of Tears :: Forced removal of Native Americans

Seneca Falls Convention document :: Declaration of Sentiments

Document mimicked at Seneca Falls :: Declaration of Independence

Second Great Awakening goals :: Personal salvation and social reform

William Lloyd Garrison :: Radical abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator

Sectionalism :: Growing division between North and South over slavery

Manifest Destiny :: Belief that westward expansion was inevitable

Painting representing Manifest Destiny :: John Gast painting

Groups displaced in Manifest Destiny painting :: Native Americans and Mexicans

War that gained Southwest territories :: Mexican-American War

Dred Scott decision :: African Americans were not citizens

Law invalidated by Dred Scott :: Missouri Compromise

Amendment overturning Dred Scott :: 14th Amendment

Result of Lincoln’s election :: Southern secession

Meaning of “New Birth of Freedom” :: Equality and democracy

Civil War purpose shift :: Union preservation to emancipation

Effect of Emancipation Proclamation :: Freed enslaved people in Confederate states

Battle giving Union Mississippi control :: Vicksburg

Radical Reconstruction :: Congress-led Reconstruction emphasizing civil rights

Reconstruction definition :: Rebuilding the South and integrating freedmen

13th Amendment :: Abolished slavery

14th Amendment :: Citizenship and equal protection

15th Amendment :: Voting rights regardless of race

Carpetbaggers :: Northerners who moved South during Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan goals :: Undermine Reconstruction through violence

Compromise of 1877 :: Ended Reconstruction

Effect of Reconstruction’s end :: Jim Crow laws and segregation

Black Codes :: Laws restricting African American freedom

Sharecropping :: Farming system that caused debt cycles

Freedmen’s Bureau success :: Education

Event that ended Radical Reconstruction :: Compromise of 1877