Bio 110.S19 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab - Flashcards

Bio 110.S19 Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab

Lab 1 Topics

• Scientific Method

• Metric System

• Graphing

• Anatomical Terminology

Part 1: The Scientific Method

A methodical framework for solving problems and determining answers in a step-by-step logical format.

Why Use the Scientific Method?

• Addresses the challenge of differing beliefs, values, and perceptions.

• Provides a structured approach to determine truth.

Everyday Use of the Scientific Method

• Example: Phone flashlight not working:

  • Problem: Flashlight won't turn on.

  • Research: Recall previous instance of the problem (drained battery).

  • Hypothesis: Drained battery is the reason.

  • Experiment: Plug in the charging cable.

  • Conclusion: Phone works, hypothesis correct.

Scientific Method Steps

1. State the Problem (Purpose)

2. Research the Topic

3. State your Hypothesis

4. Experiment – Test your Hypothesis

5. Analyze your Data

6. Come to a Conclusion

1. Purpose

• State the problem you are attempting to solve.

• Be specific and avoid broad statements.

  • Broad Example: “In what conditions do plants grow best?”

  • Specific Example: “Do bean plants grow better in direct sunlight, indirect sunlight, or shade?”

2. Research

• Conduct research to form an intelligent hypothesis.

• Document sources: books, webpages, newspaper articles, journals, etc.

3. Hypothesis

• An educated guess about the outcome of your experiment, based on knowledge and research.

• Clear and simple statement (not a question).

• State what you think your results will be, not why.

• Example: “Bean plants will grow better in direct sunlight than in indirect sunlight or shade.”

• Use "if" and "then" to create your statement.

• Avoid phrases like "I think that" or "I believe."

What If My Hypothesis is Wrong?

• Incorrect guesses do NOT invalidate the experiment.

• Do not change your hypothesis if it turns out to be incorrect.

• Your hypothesis can be right or wrong; it’s part of the scientific method.

4. Experiment

• Develop a procedure to test your hypothesis.

• List all materials needed.

• Take accurate measurements.

• Address safety concerns.

Experimental Design

• Write a numbered procedure for others to repeat the experiment.

• Control your variables.

• Variable: anything that can change during an experiment.

• Everything should be the same each time you test except the independent variable.

Types of Variables

• Independent Variable (IV): Manipulated by the experimenter.

• Dependent Variable (DV): Measured by the experimenter.

• Control Group (CG): Not exposed to the independent variable.

Independent vs. Dependent Variable

The dependent variable DEPENDS on the independent variable!

Constants and Controls

• Controlled Experiment: Only ONE independent variable is tested at a time.

• Constant: A variable that does not change through the entire experiment.

• Control: The group or condition used as the basis for comparison.

Collecting Data

• Qualitative: Word or “quality” - a subjective measure (odor, color, texture, taste, etc.).

• Quantitative: Number or “quantity” - an objective measure (distance, mass, volume, density).

5. Analysis

• Record results in a data table or chart.

• Organize data to find results and trends.

• Take accurate measurements.

• Find associations and trends in your data.

6. Conclusion

• Compare the hypothesis to the experiment’s conclusion.

• State if you proved or disproved your hypothesis.

• Name any errors that could have been made.

Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory

• Scientific Law: Describes what happens (e.g., E=MC^2, F=MA).

• Scientific Theory: Explains why or how it happens.

Part 2: Scientific Measurement (Metric System)

Metric vs. Imperial System

• Most of the world uses the metric system.

• The United States uses the imperial system.

• Mixed usage occurs in Canada, Australia, India, etc.

Metric System Prefixes

• Meter = m = 1

Conversions

• Kilo (k) = 1,000 times

• Hecto (h) = 100 times

• Deka (dk) = 10 times

• Deci (d) = one tenth

• Centi (c) = one hundredth

• Milli (m) = one thousandth

• Micro (µ) = one millionth

To convert from larger units to smaller units, move decimal to the right. To convert from smaller to larger units, move decimal to the left.

Measurement of Length = Meter

• 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)

• 1 cm = 10 millimeters (mm)

• 1 m = 1,000 mm

• 1 m = 1,000,000 micrometers (um)

• Cent = 100

• Milli = 1,000

• Micro = 1,000,000

Examples of sizes

• Fine beach sand: 90 microns

• Human hair: 50-70 microns

• Dust, pollen, mold: <10 microns

• Soot: <2.5 microns

Part 3: Interpreting Graphs

• Ice Cream Sales VS Murder Rate in New York

• Correlation is not causation

• Cumulative Distribution Function [CDF]

Graph Types

• Scatter Plots

  • Points are plotted but not joined point to point.

  • A best fit line may be added to show a trend.

  • Used when both variables are quantitative.

  • Useful for showing correlation.

  • Ex: Reaction rate at various enzyme concentrations

• Line Graphs

  • A series of points plotted on the grid and then connected together point to point by a line.

  • Show trends.

  • Used when both variables are quantitative.

  • Ex: Average mean temperature between the years 1900 and 2000

• Broken Line Graph

  • A graph showing data points joined by line segments to show trends over time.

• Continuous Line Graph

  • A graph in which points on the line between the plotted points also have meaning.

  • Sometimes a “best fit” graph.

• Bar Graphs

  • Designed to make comparisons of data.

  • The data are not necessarily dependent on any other variables.

  • Groupings are usually qualitative.

  • The bars do NOT touch.

  • Ex: Comparison of the mean reaction rate for five different enzymes

• Histograms

  • Similar to bar graphs except the data represented is usually in groups of continuous numerical (quantitative) data.

  • In this case, the bars do touch.

  • Often used to show frequency data.

  • Ex: Minimum Decibels (dBA) of sound heard by 20 people

• Circle Graph (Pie Chart)

  • Designed to show a percent of a whole, where the whole equals 100%.

  • Used to compare data.

  • Cannot be used to see how a manipulated variable affects a responding variable.

  • Do not show change with respect to another variable.

  • Ex: Percent of time the cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle

What Type of Graph do I use?

1. Is the data a percent that sums to 100% or a total amount of time?

   • a. If yes .Pie chart

   • b. If no.Go to #2

2. Are both your manipulated and responding variables quantitative?

   • a. If no.Bar graph

   • b. If yes . Go to #3

3. Is your manipulated variable levels continuous (i.e. time in years) or clumped into groups (i.e. 0-5 years, 6-10 years)?

   • a. Continuous. Scatter plot/line

   • b. Clumped …..Histogram

How to Graph

• Determine the manipulated (independent) and responding (dependent) variables.

• The manipulated (independent) variables go on the horizontal axis (x—axis).

• The responding (independent) variable (typically the data collected) is plotted on the vertical axis (y—axis or ordinate).

• Note the units of measurement for each of the variables.

• The proportions of the axes: The area enclosed by the axes should be roughly square and not disproportionately exaggerated

• Mark the quantities on both axes and number them at regular intervals.

• Your axis intervals do not have to be the same on the x and y axis and they do not have to always start at the origin with a value of 0.

• Giving the graph a title.

• The graph must have a title which should contain a brief description of what is being investigated.

• Plotting more than one graph on a set of axes.

  • Sometimes two or three sets of data (though rarely more) are plotted within the same set of axes.

  • You may wish to plot data from two different responding variables together on one graph but the values may be so different you have to use two different scales.

  • One axis can be placed on each side of the graph.

Components of a Good Graph

1. Choose the best type of graph to tell the story of the data

2. Draw the axes or axis

3. Decide the best intervals and label your axes with consistient increments.

4. Plot the points

5. Label the axes (always include the units!)

6. Add a key if needed.

7. Give your graph a descriptive title.

   • T-A-L-K-I-T-U-P (use this acronym to check your completed graph)

• Label both axes (provide SI units of measurement if necessary)

• Graphs (called figures) should have a concise, explanatory title. They should be numbered consecutively in your report

Part 4: Anatomical Terminology

Relative Directional Terms

• Right = patient's right

• Left = patient's left

• Types of WSS:

  • - Wrong Site

  • - Wrong Side

  • - Wrong Patient

  • - Wrong Procedure

Directional Terms

• Superior (cranial)

• Inferior (caudal)

• Ventral (anterior)

• Dorsal (posterior)

• Medial

• Lateral

• Proximal

• Distal

• Superficial

• Deep

• Intermediate

• Prone

• Supine

• Examples:

  1. The hand is distal to the elbow.

  2. The heart is medial to the lung.

  3. The eye is lateral to the (bridge of the) nose.

  4. The biceps muscle is deep to the skin.

Regional Terms

• Cephalic (head)

• Frontal (forehead)

• Orbital (eye area)

• Nasal (nose)

• Oral (mouth)

• Mental (chin)

• Cervical (neck)

• Thoracic (chest)

• Sternal (breastbone area)

• Axillary (armpit)

• Mammary (breast)

• Scapular (shoulder blade area)

• Vertebral (spinal column area)

• Lumbar (lower back)

• Sacral (area between hips)

• Gluteal (buttock)

• Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia)

• Abdominal (abdomen)

• Umbilical (navel)

• Pelvic (pelvis)

• Inguinal (groin)

• Pubic (genital)

• Acromial (Shoulder)

• Brachial (arm)

• Antebrachial (forearm)

• Metacarpal (hand bones)

• Carpal (wrist bones)

• Manus (hand)

• Pollex (thumb)

• Palmar (palm)

• Digital (fingers/toes)

• Coxal (hip)

• Femoral (thigh)

• Patellar (kneecap)

• Popliteal (back of knee)

• Crural (leg)

• Sural (calf)

• Fibular/Peroneal (lateral leg)

• Pedal (foot)

• Tarsal (ankle)

• Calcaneal (heel)

• Metatarsal (foot bones)

• Plantar (sole of foot)

• Hallux (big toe)

Practice

• Mammary glands: Breast

• Olecranon process: Elbow

• Axillary hair: Under arm

• Sternum: Breast bone

• Mental foramen: Chin

• Gluteus maximus: Rear end

• Acromion process: Shoulder

• Brachial artery: Upper arm

• Orbital: Eye area

• Sacrum: Lower back

• Right Hypochondriac

• Epigastric

• Left Hypochondriac

• Right Lumbar

• Umbilical

• Left Lumbar

• Right Iliac

• Hypogastric

• Left iliac

• Right upper quadrant

• Left upper quadrant

• Right lower quadrant

• Left lower quadrant

Plane and Section Terms

• Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left parts

• Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

• Transverse Plane: divides the body into superior and inferior parts