integumentary system

1. Epidermis - The outermost layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

2. Dermis - The layer of skin beneath the epidermis, rich in collagen fibers and containing blood vessels and nerves.

3. Hypodermis - The layer beneath the dermis, not considered part of the skin, containing adipose and areolar connective tissue.

4. Stratum Basale - The deepest layer of the epidermis where stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes.

5. Stratum Spinosum - The layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes begin synthesizing keratin, also known as prickle cells.

6. Stratum Granulosum - The layer where keratin replaces organelles, leading to cell death (apoptosis).

7. Stratum Lucidum - A translucent layer found only in thick skin, composed of a few layers of dead keratinocytes.

8. Stratum Corneum - The most superficial layer of the epidermis, made up of dead cells that are constantly shed.

9. Keratinocytes - The predominant cell type in the epidermis responsible for producing keratin.

10. Melanocytes - Cells in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin, which protects against UV radiation.

11. Sebaceous Glands - Glands that produce sebum to keep skin and hair moisturized.

12. Eccrine Glands - Sweat glands that produce a watery, salty perspiration for body cooling.

13. Apocrine Glands - Sweat glands that produce a thicker sweat with fat molecules, typically causing odor.

14. Basal Cell Carcinoma - The most common type of skin cancer, arising from the stratum basale and rarely metastasizing.

15. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A type of skin cancer arising from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum that can metastasize.

16. Melanoma - The deadliest type of skin cancer, arising from melanocytes, known for rapid metastasis.

17. First-degree Burn - A burn affecting only the epidermis, characterized by redness and pain.

18. Second-degree Burn - A burn affecting the epidermis and part of the dermis, resulting in blistering and pain.

19. Third-degree Burn - A burn that destroys both the epidermis and dermis, potentially causing a lack of pain due to nerve damage.

20. Friction Ridges - Skin markings that enhance grip and sensitivity, creating fingerprint patterns.

21. Freckles - Flat, melanized patches of skin that vary with heredity and UV exposure.

22. Mole (Nevus) - An elevated patch of melanized skin.

23. Striae - Stretch marks resulting from the stretching of dermal collagen.

24. Flexion Lines - Creases where skin near joints attaches to deeper tissue.

25. Hair Follicle - The structure from which hair grows, consisting of an epithelial and connective tissue sheath.

26. Arrector Pili Muscle - Smooth muscle that causes hair to stand on end, leading to goosebumps.

27. Adipose Tissue - A type of connective tissue found in the hypodermis, used for energy storage and insulation.

28. Hyperpigmentation - An excess of melanin production, resulting in darker patches of skin.

29. Cyanosis - A bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.

30. Erythema - Redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow.

31. Pallor - Pale or ashen skin resulting from reduced blood flow.

32. Albinism - A genetic condition characterized by little to no melanin production.

33. Jaundice - A yellowing of the skin due to excess bile pigment from liver dysfunction.

34. Hematoma - A localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, typically appearing as a bruise.

35. Downy Hair (Lanugo) - Fine, unpigmented hair on a fetus.

36. Vellus Hair - Fine, unpigmented hair on most of the body.

37. Terminal Hair - Coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, eyebrows, and during puberty in specific areas.

38. Nail Plate - The hard part of the nail that is visible.

39. Nail Matrix - The growth center of the nail beneath the cuticle.

40. Cuticle (Eponychium) - The layer of dead skin at the base of the nail that protects the area from infection.

41. Hyponychium - The area of skin beneath the free edge of the nail.

42. Lanula - The moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of the nail.

43. Nail Bed - The skin beneath the nail plate.

44. Sebum - The oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands.

45. Ceruminous Glands - Glands in the ear canal that produce earwax (cerumen).

46. Mammary Glands - Modified sweat glands that produce milk in females.

47. Skin Cancer - A disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of skin cells, often triggered by UV exposure.

48. Keratinization - The process of cells filling with keratin as they move from the deeper epidermal layers to the surface.

49. Dermatitis - Inflammation of the skin, often characterized by itching, redness, and swelling.

50. Psoriasis - A chronic autoimmune condition that results in the rapid proliferation of skin cells.

51. Vitiligo - A condition where skin loses its pigment, resulting in white patches.

52. Epidermal Growth Factor - A protein that stimulates cell growth and proliferation in the epidermis.

53. Stratum Corneum Function - Provides a barrier to water loss and protects against environmental damage.

54. Collagen - A structural protein found in the dermis that provides strength and elasticity to the skin.

55. Elastin - A protein in the dermis that helps skin retain its shape and elasticity.

56. Papillary Layer - The upper layer of the dermis, made of areolar connective tissue.

57. Reticular Layer - The thicker, deeper layer of the dermis that contains dense irregular connective tissue.

58. Pain Receptors (Nociceptors) - Nerve endings in the skin that respond to pain stimuli.

59. Temperature Receptors (Thermoreceptors) - Nerve endings that detect changes in temperature.

60. Meissner's Corpuscles - Touch receptors located in the papillary layer of the dermis.

61. Pacinian Corpuscles - Deep pressure receptors located in the reticular layer of the dermis.

62. Langerhans Cells - Immune cells in the epidermis that help detect pathogens.

63. Tactile (Merkel) Cells - Sensory cells in the epidermis that detect touch sensations.

64. Basement Membrane - A thin layer that separates the epidermis from the dermis.

65. Avascular - Describing the epidermis, meaning it lacks blood vessels.

66. Cell Renewal - The process by which skin cells are continuously shed and replaced.

67. Seborrheic Dermatitis - A skin condition caused by an excess of oil production, leading to scaly patches.

68. Acne - A skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

69. Tanning - The skin darkening process due to exposure to UV radiation stimulating melanin production.

70. Skin Types - Vary based on oiliness and moisture levels: dry, oily, combination.

71. Skin Tone Variability - Differences in skin pigmentation due to genetic factors and environmental exposure.

72. Skin Hydration - The level of moisture in the skin, critical for maintaining skin barrier function.

73. Wound Healing - The process by which the skin repairs itself following injury, involved in inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

74. Antimicrobial Peptides - Natural proteins in the skin that help defend against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

75. Skin Microbiome - The community of microorganisms living on the skin surface, important for skin health.

76. BMI (Body Mass Index) - A measure sometimes used in conjunction with skin assessments to determine health risks related to body weight.

77. Aging Effects - Changes in the skin due to aging include loss of elasticity, thinning, and increased fragility.

78. Hyperkeratosis - A condition characterized by thickened skin due to excessive keratin formation.

79. Actinic Keratosis - A precancerous condition caused by long-term exposure to UV light, leading to thick, scaly patches.

80. Keloids - Raised scars formed by excessive collagen production during the healing process.

81. Scleroderma - A disease that involves the thickening and tightening of the skin.

82. Dermal Fibroblasts - Cells in the dermis responsible for producing collagen and elastin.

83. Skin Grafting - A surgical procedure that involves transplanting skin to cover a wound or burn.

84. Moles Monitoring - Regular checks of moles for changes in shape, color, or size to detect skin cancer.

85. Skin Biopsy - A procedure to remove a small sample of skin for examination to diagnose skin conditions.

86. Phototherapy - Treatment using UV light to improve certain skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

87. Cryotherapy - A treatment using extreme cold to remove abnormal tissue, often used for warts or precancerous skin lesions.

88. Laser Therapy - Treatment involving lasers to resurface the skin or treat conditions like acne scars and wrinkles.

89. Skin Tests - Various tests performed to determine allergies or skin sensitivities.

90. Nail Biting (Onychophagia) - A common habit that can damage the nail bed and skin around the nails.

91. Psoriasis Triggers - Factors that can exacerbate psoriasis include stress, injuries to the skin, and certain medications.

92. Nail Disorders - Conditions affecting the nails, such as fungal infections or ingrown nails.

93. Thickened Skin - A possible indication of underlying issues, such as eczema or psoriasis.

94. Skin Biome - The diverse ecosystem of microorganisms that lives on the skin surface.

95. Tinea - A fungal infection of the skin, commonly known as ringworm.

96. Insect Bites - Reactions to insect bites can cause localized swelling, redness, and irritation.

97. UVA and UVB Rays - Types of UV radiation; UVA penetrates deeply and causes aging, whereas UVB causes sunburn.

98. Skin Barrier Function - The skin's primary role in protecting the body from environmental hazards.

99. Sweat Composition - Primarily water, but also contains salts, urea, and lactate.

100. Skin Assessment - A systematic examination of the skin to evaluate overall health and detect abnormalities.

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