integumentary system

  1. Epidermis - The outermost layer of skin, composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

  2. Dermis - The layer of skin beneath the epidermis, rich in collagen fibers and containing blood vessels and nerves.

  3. Hypodermis - The layer beneath the dermis, not considered part of the skin, containing adipose and areolar connective tissue.

  4. Stratum Basale - The deepest layer of the epidermis where stem cells divide to produce keratinocytes.

  5. Stratum Spinosum - The layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes begin synthesizing keratin, also known as prickle cells.

  6. Stratum Granulosum - The layer where keratin replaces organelles, leading to cell death (apoptosis).

  7. Stratum Lucidum - A translucent layer found only in thick skin, composed of a few layers of dead keratinocytes.

  8. Stratum Corneum - The most superficial layer of the epidermis, made up of dead cells that are constantly shed.

  9. Keratinocytes - The predominant cell type in the epidermis responsible for producing keratin.

  10. Melanocytes - Cells in the epidermis that produce the pigment melanin, which protects against UV radiation.

  11. Sebaceous Glands - Glands that produce sebum to keep skin and hair moisturized.

  12. Eccrine Glands - Sweat glands that produce a watery, salty perspiration for body cooling.

  13. Apocrine Glands - Sweat glands that produce a thicker sweat with fat molecules, typically causing odor.

  14. Basal Cell Carcinoma - The most common type of skin cancer, arising from the stratum basale and rarely metastasizing.

  15. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A type of skin cancer arising from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum that can metastasize.

  16. Melanoma - The deadliest type of skin cancer, arising from melanocytes, known for rapid metastasis.

  17. First-degree Burn - A burn affecting only the epidermis, characterized by redness and pain.

  18. Second-degree Burn - A burn affecting the epidermis and part of the dermis, resulting in blistering and pain.

  19. Third-degree Burn - A burn that destroys both the epidermis and dermis, potentially causing a lack of pain due to nerve damage.

  20. Friction Ridges - Skin markings that enhance grip and sensitivity, creating fingerprint patterns.

  21. Freckles - Flat, melanized patches of skin that vary with heredity and UV exposure.

  22. Mole (Nevus) - An elevated patch of melanized skin.

  23. Striae - Stretch marks resulting from the stretching of dermal collagen.

  24. Flexion Lines - Creases where skin near joints attaches to deeper tissue.

  25. Hair Follicle - The structure from which hair grows, consisting of an epithelial and connective tissue sheath.

  26. Arrector Pili Muscle - Smooth muscle that causes hair to stand on end, leading to goosebumps.

  27. Adipose Tissue - A type of connective tissue found in the hypodermis, used for energy storage and insulation.

  28. Hyperpigmentation - An excess of melanin production, resulting in darker patches of skin.

  29. Cyanosis - A bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen.

  30. Erythema - Redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow.

  31. Pallor - Pale or ashen skin resulting from reduced blood flow.

  32. Albinism - A genetic condition characterized by little to no melanin production.

  33. Jaundice - A yellowing of the skin due to excess bile pigment from liver dysfunction.

  34. Hematoma - A localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, typically appearing as a bruise.

  35. Downy Hair (Lanugo) - Fine, unpigmented hair on a fetus.

  36. Vellus Hair - Fine, unpigmented hair on most of the body.

  37. Terminal Hair - Coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, eyebrows, and during puberty in specific areas.

  38. Nail Plate - The hard part of the nail that is visible.

  39. Nail Matrix - The growth center of the nail beneath the cuticle.

  40. Cuticle (Eponychium) - The layer of dead skin at the base of the nail that protects the area from infection.

  41. Hyponychium - The area of skin beneath the free edge of the nail.

  42. Lanula - The moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of the nail.

  43. Nail Bed - The skin beneath the nail plate.

  44. Sebum - The oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands.

  45. Ceruminous Glands - Glands in the ear canal that produce earwax (cerumen).

  46. Mammary Glands - Modified sweat glands that produce milk in females.

  47. Skin Cancer - A disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of skin cells, often triggered by UV exposure.

  48. Keratinization - The process of cells filling with keratin as they move from the deeper epidermal layers to the surface.

  49. Dermatitis - Inflammation of the skin, often characterized by itching, redness, and swelling.

  50. Psoriasis - A chronic autoimmune condition that results in the rapid proliferation of skin cells.

  51. Vitiligo - A condition where skin loses its pigment, resulting in white patches.

  52. Epidermal Growth Factor - A protein that stimulates cell growth and proliferation in the epidermis.

  53. Stratum Corneum Function - Provides a barrier to water loss and protects against environmental damage.

  54. Collagen - A structural protein found in the dermis that provides strength and elasticity to the skin.

  55. Elastin - A protein in the dermis that helps skin retain its shape and elasticity.

  56. Papillary Layer - The upper layer of the dermis, made of areolar connective tissue.

  57. Reticular Layer - The thicker, deeper layer of the dermis that contains dense irregular connective tissue.

  58. Pain Receptors (Nociceptors) - Nerve endings in the skin that respond to pain stimuli.

  59. Temperature Receptors (Thermoreceptors) - Nerve endings that detect changes in temperature.

  60. Meissner's Corpuscles - Touch receptors located in the papillary layer of the dermis.

  61. Pacinian Corpuscles - Deep pressure receptors located in the reticular layer of the dermis.

  62. Langerhans Cells - Immune cells in the epidermis that help detect pathogens.

  63. Tactile (Merkel) Cells - Sensory cells in the epidermis that detect touch sensations.

  64. Basement Membrane - A thin layer that separates the epidermis from the dermis.

  65. Avascular - Describing the epidermis, meaning it lacks blood vessels.

  66. Cell Renewal - The process by which skin cells are continuously shed and replaced.

  67. Seborrheic Dermatitis - A skin condition caused by an excess of oil production, leading to scaly patches.

  68. Acne - A skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells.

  69. Tanning - The skin darkening process due to exposure to UV radiation stimulating melanin production.

  70. Skin Types - Vary based on oiliness and moisture levels: dry, oily, combination.

  71. Skin Tone Variability - Differences in skin pigmentation due to genetic factors and environmental exposure.

  72. Skin Hydration - The level of moisture in the skin, critical for maintaining skin barrier function.

  73. Wound Healing - The process by which the skin repairs itself following injury, involved in inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

  74. Antimicrobial Peptides - Natural proteins in the skin that help defend against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

  75. Skin Microbiome - The community of microorganisms living on the skin surface, important for skin health.

  76. BMI (Body Mass Index) - A measure sometimes used in conjunction with skin assessments to determine health risks related to body weight.

  77. Aging Effects - Changes in the skin due to aging include loss of elasticity, thinning, and increased fragility.

  78. Hyperkeratosis - A condition characterized by thickened skin due to excessive keratin formation.

  79. Actinic Keratosis - A precancerous condition caused by long-term exposure to UV light, leading to thick, scaly patches.

  80. Keloids - Raised scars formed by excessive collagen production during the healing process.

  81. Scleroderma - A disease that involves the thickening and tightening of the skin.

  82. Dermal Fibroblasts - Cells in the dermis responsible for producing collagen and elastin.

  83. Skin Grafting - A surgical procedure that involves transplanting skin to cover a wound or burn.

  84. Moles Monitoring - Regular checks of moles for changes in shape, color, or size to detect skin cancer.

  85. Skin Biopsy - A procedure to remove a small sample of skin for examination to diagnose skin conditions.

  86. Phototherapy - Treatment using UV light to improve certain skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

  87. Cryotherapy - A treatment using extreme cold to remove abnormal tissue, often used for warts or precancerous skin lesions.

  88. Laser Therapy - Treatment involving lasers to resurface the skin or treat conditions like acne scars and wrinkles.

  89. Skin Tests - Various tests performed to determine allergies or skin sensitivities.

  90. Nail Biting (Onychophagia) - A common habit that can damage the nail bed and skin around the nails.

  91. Psoriasis Triggers - Factors that can exacerbate psoriasis include stress, injuries to the skin, and certain medications.

  92. Nail Disorders - Conditions affecting the nails, such as fungal infections or ingrown nails.

  93. Thickened Skin - A possible indication of underlying issues, such as eczema or psoriasis.

  94. Skin Biome - The diverse ecosystem of microorganisms that lives on the skin surface.

  95. Tinea - A fungal infection of the skin, commonly known as ringworm.

  96. Insect Bites - Reactions to insect bites can cause localized swelling, redness, and irritation.

  97. UVA and UVB Rays - Types of UV radiation; UVA penetrates deeply and causes aging, whereas UVB causes sunburn.

  98. Skin Barrier Function - The skin's primary role in protecting the body from environmental hazards.

  99. Sweat Composition - Primarily water, but also contains salts, urea, and lactate.

  100. Skin Assessment - A systematic examination of the skin to evaluate overall health and detect abnormalities.

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