AP Psych Unit 10

Sexual strategies theory - a theory that maintains that women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies because they faced different adaptive problems over the course of human history.

Emotion - immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts

Feeling - subjective experience of emotion

Mood - diffuse, long-lasting emotional states, generally without an identifiable trigger

Primary emotions - emotions that are innate, evolutionary adaptive & universal

Secondary emotions - emotions that are shown in specific regions and are blends of primary emotions 

circumplex model - emotional valence is how positive or negative an emotion is and emotional arousal is level of physiological activation an emotion will elicit

insula- receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body, making us aware of our bodily state. plays an active role in disgust, anger, guilt and anxiety

Amygdala- Processes emotional significance of a stimuli, and generates appropriate responses based on significance level. Allows for classical conditioning related to fear. Helps the hippocampus properly consolidate experiences involving fear or danger. Perception of social stimuli, including facial expressions and body language

James-Lange theory of emotion - the belief that our body perceives an emotion and responds prior to us being able to assign an emotion to how we are feeling.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis - people can mold the muscles of their face into a forced emotional flex, and then perceive emotion to some degree based upon their facial expression.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - the belief that the body and the mind both receive signals of emotion that are sent separately & simultaneously and are experienced at nearly the same time.

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion - a label applied to physiological arousal in the experience of an emotion, when a situation elicits arousal, we begin the search for the appropriate emotion based on the situation and our physiological response. 

Misattribution of arousal - when we incorrectly identify the sources of our arousal.

Excitation transfer - residual physiological arousal leads us to misattribute our emotion to a new stimulus.

Affect-as-information - use of moods to make judgements

Somatic markers - Bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences (Frontal Lobes)ex. Gut feeling, pit in stomach

Display Rules - rules that we have learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable for specific situations

Motivation - a process that energizes, guides, & maintains behavior toward a goal.

Need - a state of biological or social deficiency

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy - basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy their higher order needs.

Self-actualization - a state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams have been attained.

Drive - a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy needs

homeostasis - a tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium.

Yerkes-Dodson -  humans need some level of arousal from drives to avoid boredom, but too much arousal will lead to over stimulation and increased stress. 

Incentives - External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors.  Incentives can create cravings.

Extrinsic Motivation - motivation to perform an activity that is driven by an external goal or object

Intrinsic Motivation - motivation to perform an activity that is driven by an internal desire to perform the action.  

Self-determination theory - people are motivated to satisfy needs for competence and autonomy. 

Self-perception theory - people are seldom aware of their specific motives, and are more apt to act when an external reward is offered.  

Self-regulation - process of altering behavior to achieve goals.

Albert Bandura- believed that people’s personal  expectations for success played an important role in motivation. 

Achievement motive - the desire to do well relative to standards of excellence.

Need to Belong Theory - the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive evolving for adaptive purposes.

Social Comparison Theory - we are motivated to have accurate information about ourselves and others.

Hyperphagia - abnormal increase in sensation of hunger, which often times leads to obesity - damage to ventromedial region of hypothalamus

Aphagia - inability or refusal to swallow food, which will lead to weight loss and even death - damage to lateral region of hypothalamus

Gourmand Syndrome - affixation on the quality, variety, and preparation methods of food - damage to limbic system (right frontal lobes)

Glucostatic theory - the body is constantly monitoring glucose levels in the blood.  When glucose levels drop, our brain signals us to eat.

Lipostatic theory - the body is constantly monitoring body fat level. When too low, our brain signals us to eat

Leptin - is a hormone that is responsible for the regulation of body fat.  released from fat cells as more fat is stored, signalling the brain to stop consumption.  Hormones are slow, and changes in these levels are no different.

Ghrelin - is a hormone that triggers eating.  As we lose weight our ghrelin levels will surge, signalling that we need to eat to return these levels to homeostasis.  

Sensory-specific satiety - we become tired of the same flavor, and may even become full.  But when we are presented with a new flavor, we are now able to continue to eat

Sexual Response Cycle - a 4 stage pattern of physiological and psychological responses during sexual activity