Unit 4 apush

4.1, Contextualization pp 163-164

4.5, Market Revolution pp 193-199

introduction

• in the early 1800s Jefferson dream of a nation of indepenct farmers remained strong in rural areas

• however rapid industrialization quickly decreased the demand for people working in agriculture and increased the demand of people working in commerce

• conflicts over tariffs, internal improvements, and the national bank reflect the importance of peoples lives of a national economy that was rapidly growing

Development of the Northwest

• the “old northwest” (6 states that joined the union before 1860) consisted of territories that formed from land ceded to the national government in the 1780’s by one of the original 13 states

• they were turned into states by the Northwest Ordinance in 1787

• old northwest: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

• in the early 19th century it was mostly unsettled and parts that were settled relied in the Mississippi to transport goods to New orleans

• became closely tied to the north by: military campaigns that drove natives off the land & the building of canals and railroads that connected the great lakes and the east coast

• Agriculture

• corn and wheat→ profitable and fed many

• newly invented steel plow and mechanical reaper made farms more efficient

Transportation

• Roads

• Pennsylvania Lancaster Turnpike, 1790, connected Philadelphia with farm lands outside of Lancaster

• its success launched many other privately built roads that connected most of the countries major cities

• spending of federal funds on internal improvement such as these roads were blocked

• Cumberland Road was the one major exception, major route West, 1,000 miles,from Maryland to Illinois

• Canals

• Erie Canal in NY was major to link western farms and eastern cities

• caused many other canals to be built which caused lower food prices in the east, more settlers in the west + tied them together economically

• Steam Engines and Steamboats

• steam powered travel began in 1807 with the Clermont’s voyage upon the Hudson

• developed by Robert Fulton

• shortened the process of transportation from several week to less than three

• Railroads

• first were built in the late 1820’s, were very dangerous

• by 1830s were very improved and rivaled canals

• Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit and Chicago boomed and helped to expand the economy

• more common in the North

• Mass and NY bought corn and wheat from west

Communication

• 1844 Samuel F. B Morse had a successful telegraph

• telegraph lines were put everywhere and communication became instantaneous

• brought the country together

Growth of Industry

• by mid 19th century U.S manufacturing surpassed agriculture in value and by the end of the century a world leader

• was a result of a unique combination

• Mechanical Inventions

• there was alot of money to be made for new inventions due to patent laws

• Eli Whitney→ invented the cotton gin, made rifles using interchangeable parts

• interchangeable parts made mass production much easier + became the basis for production in many northern factories

• Corporations for Raising Capital

• 1811 NY passed a low allowing companies to sell stock

• other states followed

• allowed large sums of money to be raised ro build railroads, canals and factories

• Factory System

• Samuel Slater memorized the cotton factory system that was used in England

• used this to help establish the first textile factory in 1791

• War of 1812 + embargo act helped to grow

• 1820’s countries leading manufacturing

• decline of New England marine industry opened up more capital for manufacturing

• encouraged growth of financial business such as banking and insurance

• Labor

• to help recruit people textile mills in Mass recruited young women and housed them

• Lowell system became common along other factories

• children and immigrants were largely employed

• Unions

• Unions increased as factories did

• many skilled workers took jobs in the factories

• long hours, low pay, bad conditions

• ran into many obstacles

Commercial Agriculture

• farming became more commercialized; switch to cash crop

• due to: large areas of the land were made available at low prices by the federal government

• state banks made acquiring land easier by providing farmers with loans at low interest rates

• development of canals opened new markets for the industrial cities in the north as they were now connected to the West

Cotton and the South

• due to the cotton gin cotton was the most profitable crop in the region

• many invested their land in slaves and land in Mississippi and Alabama

• Mills in North and Europe relied on cotton from the south

• many southerners bought their food from the midwest so they could focus on cotton

• shipping companies banks and insurance companies in the north benefited

Analysis questions

The cotton gin had the greatest impact on the American society as it revolutionized the Southern economy which in turn helped to form the national economy.

Factory labor relied on plantation labor to have the materials necessary. Plantation labor was often forced labor and while factory labor had terrible conditions, it was not forced labor.

The cotton gin made cotton the most profitable crop in the south so they completely decided their economy to it which in turn made New England rely on the South and the South rely on the Midwest

4.6, Effects of the Market Revolution on Society and Culture, pp 200-204

introduction

• impact resulted from innovations in tech, commerce and agriculture

• resulted in support for reform movements, increase in religious fervor and to devolp a distinct American culture

• standard of living raised for many

• interdependence

Women

• if worked were either in teaching or domestic service

• factory jobs not common

• women gained more control as men worked away from home

• marriages arranged by parents lessened

• women sometimes opted for less children

• no legal improvements

Economic and Social Mobility

• 1800s: urban workers wages improved

• wealth gap increased

• social mobility did not go up throughout generations

• better economic opportunities than Europe

Population Growth and Change

• between 1800 and 1825 the US pop 2x, in the next 25 years it doubled again

• this is due to a high birth rate and immigrants from specifically GB and Germany

• Natives and African Americans also raised in pop

• non whites decline from 20% in 1790 to 15% in the 1850s

• slaves pop grew despite no more slave trade

• 1830’s: 1/3 of the pop lived west of the Alleghenies(mountain range in West Virginia)

• Immigration

• 1820-8,000 immigrants

• 1832- increased, after this year the # of immigrants never fell below 50,000

• from 1830-1850 4 million people immigrated from Europe

• this was due to:

• faster and cheaper ocean transportation

• famines and revolts in Europe

• growing rep of US offering economic opportunities and political freedom

• stayed mostly in Boston, New York and Philadelphia

• strengthened economy by increasing # of laborers and demand for mass produced items

• Urban Life

• north went from 5% of pop in 1800 to 15% in 1850

• crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious disease and high crime rates all common in cities

• Industrial Revolution offered new opportunities so people still came to cities

• New Cities

• key transportation points became large cities

• Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago on the great lakes

• Cincinnati on the Ohio River

• St. Louis on the Mississippi

• served as transfer points, processing farm products for shipment to the East and distributing good from the East

Organized Labor

• good became less expensive

• created a small class of very wealthy people like factory owners and factory owners

• unions became to form

• the first US labor party was founded in Philadelphia in 1828 and succeeded

• one big victory was in 1842 when the Mass supreme court ruled in Commonwealth v. Hunt that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate

• north passes laws for a 10 hour work day

• improvements for worked were limited by

• periodic depression

• employers and courts that were hostile to unions

• abundant supply of low wage laborers

• Analysis question

• Within each social class there was equality within conditions however in general there were strict social classes

4.7 Expanding Democracy pp 205-209

Greater Equality

• unlike in Europe people were not separated by class in transportation, they way people dress

• equality was becoming the governing principle in american society

The Rise of a Democratic Society

• among white ppl equality for just them was very important, specifically equal opportunity for white males

• they ideals did not apply to non white people or women

• liked the idea of a self made man who rose through social classes

• by the end of the 1840s feminist would argue that this should apply to both men and women

Politics of the common man

• politics became open to the lower classes due to suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and an increase in education

• Universal White Male Suffrage

• new states Indiana, Illinois and Missouri had states constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office

• the north started to adopt this

• 1824 350,000 men voted for president

• 1840 more than 2.4 million voted

Changes to Parties and Campaigns

• political parties quickly gained significance

• Party Nominating Conventions

• before people has been nominated for office by state legislature or Kings Caucus- a closed door meeting in congress

• replaced by nominating conventions were political leaders and voters would meet like a large town hall meeting to nominate people

• The Anti-Masonic Party was the first to do this

• Popular Election of the Electors

• in the election of 1812 only SC used the old system

• all other states had elected the more democratic system

• Two Party System

• campaigns for pres. had to be held on a national scale

• to organize this candidates needed a large party of back them

• Rise of Third Parties

• Only large national parties could win pres. other parties still emerged

• Like the Anti-Masonic Party and the Workingmen’s party

• both tried to get people who were not usually interested in politics involved such as unskilled laborers

• More Elected Offices

• During the Jacksonian era many officials were elected not appointed

• gave voters more of a say

• Popular Campaigning

• campaigns directed at the interests of the common people, served as a form of entertainment (parades, marching bands)

• tended to ignore real issues and to focus on personal attacks

• Spoil System and the Rotation of Officeholders

• Jackson believed in appointed loyal democrats to jobs such as postmaster and kicking out those who already held the jobs

• Jackson believed in rotation of office- by limiting a president ot one term then another deserving person could get that position

• affermined the idea that all men were equally capable of holding government positions

• helped to create a strong 2 party system

Historical Perspective

• Some say the election of Jackson in 1828 was the beginning of the era of the common man

• Others say he was used the corrupt spoil system and appealed to the uneducated masses

• Historian Arthur M. Schlesigner argues that Jacksonian democracy relied on eastern urban workers just as much as western farmers

• Voter participation did not reach a peak until 1840

• some argue that religion and ethnicity were more important in elections than economic class

• Some think that people supported Jackson as a reaction to substices farmers and urban workers against threatening economic change

Analysis Questions

• An increase in the number of people who voted in both local and federal elections was responsible for the expansion of democracy in the early 19th century.

• Women, non-white people and any other minority were still not allowed to vote, which was a limitation in democracy

4.8 Jackson and Federal Power, pp 210-221

• the 1820s marked by the presidency of Jackson and emergence of popular politics it was often called the age of the common man or the era of the jacksonian democracy

Jackson verus Adams

• in the controversial election of 1824 Jackson won the popular vote and had more electoral college votes but he did not win the election

• The Election of 1824

• 4 candidates from the Democratic Republican party campaigned: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford and Andrew Jackson

• among voters in states that counted popular vote (6 did not) Jackson won

• however he did not win the electoral college majority as the election was split 4 ways

• the house had to deiced and Henry Clay used his power to get John Quincy Adams elected in exchange for being appointed secretary of state

• Jackson supported called it a “corrupt bargain”

• Presidency of John Quincy Adams

• Adams asked congress to fund internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, a national university and a astronomical observatory

• Jackson and his supporters saw these frivolous wastes of money

• in 1828 congress passed a new tariff law the benefited the north but alienated southern plantations “tariff of abomination”

• The Revolution of 1828

• Adams sought election but Southerners and Westerners both disliking Adams got Jackson into office

• Jacksons campaign smeared Adams and even accused his kids of being born out of wedlock

• drama attracted a lot of interest and a large voter turn out

• Jackson won every states west of the Appalachians

• his rep as a war hero accounted more for his victory than his actual polices

The Presidency of Andrew Jackson

• was a symbol of the emerging working and middle class

• hero in the Battle of illinois

• slave owners in Tennessee

• first pres. since Washington to not have a college degree

• got support from every group and section of the country

• Presidential Power

• presented himself as the protector of the common people from the rich evil privileged

• frugal Jeffersonian, did not agree with increasingly federal spending and increasing the national debt

• vetoed more bills (12) than all former presidents combined

• his advisers were dubbed “the kitchen cabinet” and were not his official cabinets so it had much less influence than it had had in the past

• Peggy Eaton Affair

• Peggy Eaton was the wife of Jacksons secretary of war

• target of malicious gossip

• caused vice president John C Calhoun to resign

• Martin Van Buren was vice president in Jacksons second term for remaining loyal

• Indian Removal Act (1830)

• Jacksons ideas of democracy did not include natives

• wanted them to leave their homelands and settle west of the Mississippi

• In 1830 he signed the Indian Removal act into law

• 1835: most eastern tribes has reculutly moved west

• 1836: Bureau of Indian Affairs to assist the resettled tribes

• most states supported

• Cherokee nations vs georgia (1831) supreme court- ruled that Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court

• however, Worcester v Georgia (1832)- high court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee community

• Trail of Tears

• many natives refused the settlement of 1835

• After Jackson left office the US Army forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave Georgia

• caused the death of 4,000 natives

• Nullification Crisis

• In 1828 SC legislature declared the “tariff of abomination” unconstitutional

• affirmed the nullification theory put forward by vice president John C Calhoun that states could chose to obey a federal lay or deem it null and void

• lead to a large debate between Senator Daniel Webster of Mass and Robert Hayne of SC; famous Webster-Hayne Debate

• Hayne argued the rights of the states

• 1832 SC increased tensions by holding a convention to nullify both the tariff of abomination and a new tariff of 1832

• forbad the collection of tariff within in the state

• Jackson tried to respond with military and issues a Proclamation to the People of South Carolina that said nullification and disunion were treason

• troops did not march

• Jackson lowered tariff

• Opposition to anti slavery efforts

• jackson used his power to stop anti slavery literature from moving through the mail system

• Southerners knew that he would protect slavery

• Bank Veto

• rechartering of national bank

• privately owned but federally funded

• Nicholas Biddle bank president ran it well but he was very arrogant which made people think that the bank abused its powers and only helped the wealthy

Jackson believed that national bank was unconstitutional

Two Party System

• Jacksons supported were Democrats, old Jefferson Democratic Republicans

Clay were Whigs, followed the Hamilton led Federalists

Jackson’s Second Term

• in his second term he wanted to destroy the national bank

• Pet Banks

• Jackson attacked the withdrawing of federal funds aided by secretary of treasury Roger Taney her transferred the funds to various state banks which Jackson critics called pet banks

• Specie Circular

• required that all purchases of federal land be made in gold and silver

• soon after bank notes lost their value and land sales plummeted

• when jackson left office a depression hit- the panic of 1837

• Election of 1837

• wanting his policies to stay in place Jackson’s vice president won and beat 3 different Whig candidates

• President Van Buren and the Panic of 1837

• many banks closed causing the depression

• jackson not recharting the national bank prompted this

The Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campagin of 1840

• the election of 1840 they Whigs had a good chance of winning as peole did not like the state of the economy

• William Henry Harrison was their pick

• To show his humble origins they put log cabins in the streets and handed out hard cdern

• they also started name calling the other candidate

• Whigs took 52% of the national vote establishing them as a national party

• Harrison died a month into presidency and his vice John Tyler was more of a democrat than a whig

• Western Frontier

• Slowly the meaning fo west got futher and further away

• mid 1800s it meant beyond the Mississippi and reaching california and the organ territory

• American Indians

• by the 1850s almost all indians will be living west of the mississippi due to either being forced their, disease, died in battle or military conflict

• horses from Spain revolutionized life for natives in the great plains

• The Frontier

• West represented freedom for all

• mountain men settled in cali and oregon in the 1840s

• White settlers on the Western Frontier worked hard from, sunrise to sunset and lived in log cabins

• disease and malnutrition were the biggest threats

Environmental damage

• would clear forests exhaust the soil

• brought beaver and buffalo to the point of extinction

Analysis

• Debated the issue of the national bank, the issue of federal funding, concern about tariffs all are all similar.

• The Indians Removal Act made the US more comfortable completely discounting Indiana’s

4.9 The Development of an American Culture, pp 222-228

• most of US culture before was stemmed from Europe, continued to have influence, developed and showed regional differences, very nationalistic

Cultural Nationalism

• less interest in European affairs, more in expanding west and as a country

• basic ideals of nationalism and patriotism would dominate most of the 19th century

A Changing Culture: Ideas, the Arts, and Literature

• romanticism: a new movement in Europe that was a shift from enlightenment ideas of reason, order and balance to intuition, feelings, nature and heroism

• shown in US by transcendentalists: a small new england group

• The Transcendentalists

• Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau argued established doctrines in churches and business practices

• looking for God in nature

• challenged the materialism of US society

• Downplayed importance of organized institutions, supported reforms such as anti slavery

• Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)

• American writer and speaker

• individualistic and nationalistic

• culture outside of Europe’s

• self-reliance, independence

• from Mass

• Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

• Mass

• lived in woods for 2 years as an experiment

• best known for Walden (1854)

• pioneer if ecologist (a scientist who studies the natural world, including animals and plants among other topics) and conservationist

• not too involved in politics

• did not argue with US Mexico war, refused to pay a tax that went to it, jailed for one night

• showed the necessity for civil disobedience

• essay On Civil Disobedience

• inspired Martin Luther King Jr. + Gandhi

• Brock Farm

• a 1841 communal experiment in Mass lead by George Ripley, a Protestant minister

• connect the intellectuals with manual labor

• some of the leading intellectuals of the time were there

• included Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, Nathaniel Hawthorne

• ended due to fire and debt

• remembered for its creativity, innovative school, appeal to New England’s intellectual elite and their children

Other Communal Experiments

• the idea of creating a utopia outside of society was very popular especially during the antebellum years

• many were short lived and religious

• Shakers

• one of the earliest religious communal movements

• 6,000 members

• various communities by the 1840s

• kept men in women very separate (forbade marriage)

• died out in the mid 1900’s

• The Amana Colonies

• Pietism Germans in Iowa

• simple communal living

• allowed marriage

• communities continue to thrive without the communal living

• New Harmony

• secular experiment in New Harmony Indiana

• from Welsh industrialist Robert Owen

• thought it would provided answers to inequality and alienation that came from the Industrial Revolution

• failed due to money and disagreements among members

• Oneida Community

• John Humphreys Noyes, cooperative community in Oneida NY 1848

• social and economic equality, community members shared property and marriage

• critics attacked communal child rearing and “free love”

• despite this it survived economically by making really nice silverware

• Fourier Phalanxes

• 1840s French Charles Fourier attracted American attention

• wanted people to share work and housing in communities known as Fourier Phalanxes

• died out as Americans are too individualistic to live communally

Arts and Literature

• democratic and reforming ideas of the Age of Jackson showed themselves in paintings, literature and architecture

• Painting

• paintings of people going about their everyday life became popular in the 1830s

• romantic ages fascination with the natural world

• Architecture

• inspired by democracy of Athens, adopted the architectural styles as well

• Literature

• created a literature that was both American yet romantic

• most prominent writers came from New England or mid atlantic states

• Washington Irving- wrote fiction “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hallow” with American settings

• James Fenimore Copper- “Leatherstocking Tales” were a series of novels

• from 1824 to 1841 that glorified the nobility of scouts and settlers on the american frontier

• Nathaniel Hawthorne- questioned the interolience and conformity of the American people with works such as the Scarlet letter

• Herman Melville- wrote moby dick, reflected on theoretical and cultural conflicts

• Edgar Allen Poe- focused on irrational aspects of human behavior the raven and tell tale heart portrayed horrifying behavior

Analysis questions

• They were similar as the both disagreed with how society was run and wanted to make a “functional” society where everyone was equal separate from the one they already existed in.

• It was greatly responsible for the growth of truly American Culture as the US people wanted to be seen outside of Europe.

4.10, The Second Great Awakening, pp 229-233

• marked a reassertion of the traditional puritan teachings of original sin

• others represented new developments of christianity in the US

Causes of Religious Reform

• in the late 18th century and first half of 19th

• growing emphasis of democracy and the individual affected how people viewed religion

• less formal

• rational approach prompted a more emotional expression

• the market revolution causes people to fear growing industrialization and commercialization leading to increased greed and sins

• these disruptions lead to people looking for worship that was less formal

Revivals

• began among the highly educated

• successful preachers were public speakers and easily understood by the uneducated

• salvation for all

• Revivalism on the Frontier

• Charles Grandison Finney started a series of revivals in upstate new york

• appealed to emotions and fear

• must be saved through faith and hard work

• became known as the “burned-over district”

• Baptist and Methodists

• In the South and West

• would travel to give dramatic preachings

• known as camp meetings

• by 1850 were the largest protestant denominations in the country

New Denominations

• two new religions had the most influence

• Millennialism

• William Miller( preacher) gained followers by predicting a date for the second coming of Jesus that would end the world

• nothing happens on the appointed day but they continued as a new denomination

• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

• Joseph Smith in 1830 NY

• Smith was murdered by a local mob

• moved from Ohio to Missouri then Illinois

• migrated to the West by Brigham Young

• settled on the great Lakes Utah

• Named the community New Zion

• strong oppression as Smith liked polygamy

• officially prohibited it in 1890

Reforms backed by religion

• Caused division among newer evangelical and older protestants

• touched on several social reforms such as reducing drinking,ending slavery, providing better treatment for people with mental illness

• these groups provide the structure that these reforms needed

Analysis Questions

• Quite similar but the first was more focused on just the churches while the second influenced American culture as a whole

By channeling traditional religious practices

4.11, An Age of Reform, pp 234-240

• antebellum period: tax supported schools, better treatment of the mentally ill, controlling or ending the sale of alcohol, women’s equality, ending slavery

• religious belief was an important source

• Improving Society

• at first leader hoped to improve behavior through moral persuasion

• then moved to political action

Temperance

• 5 gallon of hard alc per person alc consumption rate

• targeted as a cause of poverty, crime abuse of women and social ills

• became the most popular issue of the reform movement

• began with moral exhortation

• protestant ministers founded the American Temperance Society in 1820

• wanted ppl to take a vow of abstinence

• various other groups former

• German and irish largely opposed but had no political power

• Factory owners and politicians joined the movement as it would make more worker output

• 1851 Maine became the first state the ban alc

• 12 states followed with 10 years

• 1850s slavery overshadowed

• gain strength in the 1870s with the backing of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union

• 18th amendment in 1919 that banned the selling of all intoxicating liquors

Movement for Public Asylums

• increasing number of criminals, emotionally disturbed people

• they were often abused or neglected by caretakers

• to relieve the suffering state funded mental hospitals, prisons and poor houses

• hoped better surroundings would cure them

• Mental Hospitals Dorothea Dix

• a former mass teacher

• saw mental ill ppl locked in dirty prisons

• launched a cross country crusade criticism this

• 1840 states started to build or improve existing mental hospitals

• Schools for Blind and Deaf Persons

• Thomas Gallaudet- for the deaf

• Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe- for the blind

• founded schools

• by 1850s special schools were opened based on their work

• Prisons

• Pennsylvania took the lead in reform

• reformers put prisoners in solitary but was dropped due to high suicide rate

• asylum movement: structure and discipline would bring moral reform

• Auburn System in New York tried the same: set rigid rules of discipline also providing moral instruction and work programs

• Public Education

• started in the Jacksonian Era

• loss class educated

• middle class feared the un educated in power

• workers groups in cities supported

• Free Common Schools

• Horace Mann leading advocate for the common (public) schools movement

• secretary of the mass board of ed

• wanted compulsory attendance, longer school year, increased teacher prep

• quickly spread to other states

• Moral Education

• wanted to teach morals

• McGuffery readers was a common elementary school textbook that did just that

• value of hard work. punctuality and sobriety

• reflected Protestant beliefs

• Christian formed private schools

• Higher Education

• Second Great awakening helped to fuel private colleges

• Protestant made small schools in the west

• several allowed women

• furthered by lyceum lecture societies which brought Ralph Waldo Emerson to small town audiences

Changes in Families and Roles for Women

• still very rural by mid 19th century

• industrial rev made cities grow

• industrialization reduced the economic benefit of children

• birth control was used, average family size decreased form 7.04 family members in 1800 to 5.2 in 1830

• rich women now devoted their time to causes

• Cult of Domesticity

• changed family dynamics

• in farms mens were the leaders but in cities when they took out of house jobs things shifted

• women took control of the house and the children

• women as moral leaders of the home

• Women’s Rights

• resented how they were treated as second class citizens

• Sarah Grimké spoke out in “Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women”

• as well as Angelina Grimké who aided her in opposing slavery

• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton also worked together after they had been barred from speaking at an anti slavery convention

• Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

• leading feminists met in NY

• first women’s right conventions ever

• made a doc similar to the declaration of independence titled “the Declaration of Sentiments”

• listed their grievances and discriminatory laws

• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton then campaigned for equal voting, legal, and property rights

• overshadowed in 1850 bc slavery

Anti Slavery Movement

• Second Great Awakening lead to many Christians to view slavery as a sin

• American Colonization Society

• the founding of this society introduced the idea of bringing slaves back to Africa

• appealed to many whites who wanted to remove all black people from the US

• 1822 a settlement was formed in Loberia

• between 1820 and 60 only 12,00 wnet while the enslaved pop grew by 2.5 million

• American Anti Slavery Society

• 1831 William Lloyd Garrison began his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator

• marks the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement

• 1833 him and others established the society

• Garrison condemned and burned the constitution as a pro slavery doc

• Liberty Party

• Garrison radicialm lead to a split within the movement

• wanted to be more practical a group of northerners formed the liberty party

• pledged to bring about the end of slavery through political reform

• lead by James Birney

• Black Abolitionists

• former slaves were the most outspoken

• such as frederick Douglass

• wanted both political and direct action to end slavery

• 1847 started the North Star

• others such as Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth and William Still also all helped this movement that helped fugitive slaves escape to freedom

• Violent Abolitionism

• David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet were northern and the most radical

• wanted slaves to rise against their owners

• thoughts of revolts died after an 1831 revolt led by Nat Turner where 55 whites were killed but then the brutal and countless black people were murdered in return

Other Reforms

• included several smaller such as

• American peace Society: protested for peace and did not agree with War with Mexico

• prevent sailor from being flogged

• dietary reforms

• dress reform so women could move more easily

• phrenology, a pseudo science that studies the bumps of people skulls to acess their character and ability

Analysis Questions

• The Temperance movement gave women a causes to speak up on that then motivated the women’s right movement. It did this by allowing the women to get involved and be put in situations where they were usually never allowed.

• Increased religious beliefs followed by the Second Great Awakening made people see slavery and drinking as sin helping those movements. However it effected Utopian movements the most because many were driven by a new denomination wanting to create a new society.

4.12, African Americans in the Early Republic, pp 241-246

• start of the 19th century many believed that slavery would die out

• with the exhaustion of soil in some areas and the banning of bringing in more slaves this seemed likely

• however with the success of cotton this quickly showed itself to be improbabile

Free African Americans

• by 1860 there were around 500,00 free African Americans

• In the North

• the 250,000 African Americans who lived in the north were only 1% of northerns but 50 % of all freed african americans in the country

• they could have families and sometimes own land

• many formed their own churches due to racism in others

• still struggled and did not have equality

• were often only hired as strikebreakers

• people were still VERY racist

• In the South

• 250,000 free

• many freeded in the America Rev

• some had white fathers

• some bought themselves

• were not legally equal but often lived in places were they could own land

• constantly in danger of being kidnapped

Resistance by the Enslaved

• though hopeless conditions many maintained a strong sense of family and relgion

• Restrained Actions

• engaged in work slow down and equipment sabotage

• subtle rebellion

• Runaways

• all escaping faced organized militia patrols and hunters were were paid by bounties

• if returned were usually severely beat

• growth of the underground railroad and increasing demands for stricter gugative slaves laws shower more wanted to escape

• Rebellions

• a successful slave revolt in Haiti in the early 1800s scared southerners

• Southerners resisted diplomacy with Haiti for years

• earliest slave revolt was in Richmond Virginia 1800 organized by Gabriel Prosser with around 1,000 others but he and a number of his followers were excuted before he could

• Nat Turner killed 50 whites 1831 Virginia

• a militia killed him, his followers and many innocents in retaliation

Analysis Questions

• The lives of slaves got worse as slowly more and more legal restrictions were put on them. One could argue the opposite that many were free and they had the opportunities to free themselves but of the millions enslaved only 500,000 were free. There was obviously not many opportunities for freedom.

• They both started an act of rebellion that others would later follower and grow.

4.13, Southern Society in the Early Republic, pp 257-252

• The original colonies subsections remained as the country and transportation evolved

• The SOuth was very distinctive

• by 1861 all states but Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware and Missouri succeeded and join the Confederacy

Agriculture and the King Cotton

• the South’s main economic activity was the production and sale of cotton

• textile mills and the cotton gin made cotton affordable in Europe and the US

• planters moved westward into Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and texas

• linked South to GB

Slavery, the “Peculiar Institution”

• wealth in the south was measured in the terms of land and enslaved people

• slavery had historical and religious arguments for the those who oppose it

• Population

• cotton boom was responsible for an increase in enslaved people

• from one million in 1800 to 4 million in 1860

• came from national growth

• many smuggled in

• in parts of the deep south african americans made up 75% of the pop

• strict slave codes

• Economics

• most worked in the fields

• many learned skilled crafts

• value of enslaved labor went to 2,000 a day when it was typical for laborers to get paid a dollar a day

• South had much less capital than the north when it came to industrialization

White Society

• whites had a strict hierarchy

• Aristocracy

• small elite

• owned at least 100 slaves and 1,000 acres

• dominated states legislature

• Farmers

• many held less than 20 slaves and worked on small farms

• produced the bulk of the crop worked along slide african americans

• Poor Whites

• ¾ of white households in the south had no slaves

• “hillbillies”

• defended the system as the want to own slaves

• no matter how poor felt superior to black people

• Mountain People

• lived on Appalachia and ozark mountains

• somewhat isolated from he rest of the south

• disliked planters and slavery

• Cities

• few large cities

• largest was New Orleans with a pop of 17,000

• 5 largest cities in the country

• other 3 other southern cities St.Louis, Louisville, and Charleston had pops of more than 40,000

• Code of Chivalry

• dominated by the aristocratic and planter class

• strong sense of personal honors, defense of womanhood, paternalistic

• Education

• upper class wanted a college ed for their child

• for lower classes anything beyond early elementary was not common

• to reduce revolts slaves were taught not to read or write

• Religion

• Methodist and Baptist churches split from North and South in the 1840s

• even when people took a neutral position in slavery their numbers went down in the south

• Social Reform

• little impact in the south

• much in north and west

• north was working to modernize

• south wanted traditional

• south saw social reform as a threat by the north

• Historial Perspective

• when the civil rights movement began people began to re look at slavery

• slavery had been portrayed as an economic thing, not a human rights thing

• many disagreed on if slavery would have made black culture or if it was too oppressive to have yielded anything

Analysis Question

• There was very social social mobility in the south as many were stuck in the farms that they were born in. However there also was not much up north as many were stuck in their low paying factory jobs.

• Politics and social development completely relied on slavery. Slavery determined the social classes and much of the legislation focused on it

4.14, Causation in Period 4, pp 253-254

• how politics, economics and foreign polticts influenced the development of the American identity from 1800 to 1848

• see how political parties were connected by looking at historial evidence

• new transportation led to a market rev

• shift caused people to change how they thought of themselves

• saw west as new opportunities

• very strong cultural differences especially with slavery