Second Vatican Council and 20th-Century Challenges Vocabulary Flashcards

The Second Vatican Council

Introduction: The Church Faces the Challenges of the Twentieth Century

• The chapter will cover the Church's response to the challenges of the 20th century, including:
  • World War I and its aftermath
  • The Church and World War II

Learning Objectives

• Discuss how the Church sought to continue sharing the Gospel message despite the challenges presented by major events.
• Describe the responses of Popes Benedict XV and Pius XI to disturbing world events such as World War I and the rise of totalitarian governments.
• Describe and defend the actions of Pope Pius XII taken in response to key developments during his papacy, including Nazism, the rise of communism, and intellectual trends in historical and scientific study.

Focus Question

• How did conflict, war, and modernism shape the Church’s response to the world at the Second Vatican Council?

Vocabulary

• Holocaust
• Contraception
• Fascism
• Catholic Relief Services

Popes Prior to Pope John XXIII

• Pope Benedict XV (1914-1922):
  • Served during World War I.
  • Proposed a Seven-Point Peace Plan to resolve the conflict.
    • Freedom of the seas
    • The limitation of weaponry
    • The formation of an international tribunal
    • A peaceful accord between the territories of Belgium, Britian, France and Germany
    • Specific economic regulations
    • Resolutions to the boundary disputes between France and Germany, as well as Austria and Italy
    • A resolution of disputes between Poland
  • His points eventually became part of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
• Pope Pius XI (1922-1939):
  • Served between World War I and World War II.
  • Cut ties with Mussolini and Hitler.
  • Wrote the encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge, instructing German priests to read it from the pulpits, condemning Nazi crimes.
  • Strongly condemned communism.
  • Established a formal treaty securing rights for the Church with Italian Fascist dictator, Mussolini.
• Pope Pius XII (1939-1958):
  • Served during World War II and the lead-up to Vatican II.
  • Opposed Nazism and protected Europe’s Jews.
  • Proclaimed the dogma of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1950.

Challenges to the Church in the 20th Century

• Atheism
• Nuclear Arms Race
• Sexual Revolution
• How to implement Second Vatican Council changes
• Role of Sacred Scripture in the Church
• How to involve the laity in the life of the Church
• How to improve catechesis
• How to improve evangelization
• How to relate to Eastern Churches

Introduction to the Second Vatican Council and Beyond

• The Second Vatican Council was called by Pope John XXIII, who died shortly after it convened.
• Pope Paul VI succeeded him and carried the Second Vatican Council forward.
• After the council, the world faced a sexual revolution, leading to:
  • Increased disregard for the institution of marriage
  • A rise in sexual and social sins
  • A rise in contraception
• Paul VI wrote Humanae Vitae to address contraception and promiscuity.

Years Following Vatican II, the Church Faced New Challenges:

• How to implement Vatican II teachings
• Lay involvement
• Improve catechesis
• Evangelization
• Relationship with Eastern Church

Catholic-Anglican Discord

• Church leaders met to discuss the validity of the Anglican priesthood to bring reconciliation between the Catholic Church and the Church of England
• Pope Leo XIII declared the priesthood in the Anglican Church to be “null and void” because of its difference in form and intention, making it unlike the sacrificing nature of the Catholic priesthood.

The Church in France

• Leo XIII desired to restore relations with the French government.
• The French government persisted in anti-Catholic approaches.
• In 1905, the Chamber of Deputies of the French government enacted a law officially separating the state from the Church.
  • Catholicism was no longer the religion of the country.
  • Civil marriage required
  • Work allowed on Sundays
  • Public prayer abolished
  • Military forbidden from participating in Church processions

Persecutions of the Church in Mexico

• After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1810, the government adopted a constitution that persecuted the Catholic Church.
• In the 1920s, an intense persecution broke out, leading to imprisonment and death for many Catholics.
• Priests and nuns were not allowed to wear external signs of their dedication to God.
• Saying “Adios” (goodbye, but literally means “to God”) could lead to imprisonment.
• The Cristeros were Catholics who rose up in opposition to the government. Their war cry was “Long live Christ our King! Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe.”

World War I and Its Devastating Aftermath

• Pope Benedict XV's Seven-Point Peace Plan:
  • Meant to peacefully resolve the conflict of WWI
  • Freedom of the seas
  • The limitation of weaponry
  • The formation of an international tribunal
  • A peaceful accord between the territories of Belgium, Britian, France and Germany
  • Specific economic regulations
  • Resolutions to the boundary disputes between France and Germany, as well as Austria and Italy
  • A resolution of disputes between Poland

Lagniappe: Benedict XVI and Why He Chose His Name

• In 2005, Joseph Ratzinger was elected Pope and chose the name Benedict XVI.
• He chose this name because Benedict XV was a courageous and authentic prophet of peace who strove with brave courage to avert the tragedy of World War I and then limit its harmful consequences.
• Benedict XVI wanted his pontificate to be at the service of reconciliation and harmony between all people.
• The name ‘Benedict’ also calls to mind the extraordinary figure of the great ‘Patriarch of Western Monasticism, St. Benedict, from whom we get the Benedictine Rule for monastic life left this rule to his monks: “ Prefer nothing to the love of Christ.”
• Pope Benedict XVI wanted to encourage all to keep Christ first in all things.

Post-World War I

• World War I left Europe devastated.
  • 8. 5 million dead/ 20 million wounded
• The Spanish flu hit the world and caused another 25 million deaths
• The 1917 Russian Revolution resulted in a Marxist state (Lenin and Stalin).
• Turn to Psychology
• Roaring Twenties leading to the Great Depression

Pope Pius XI

• Established a formal treaty securing rights for the Church with Italian Fascist dictator, Mussolini.
• Harshly condemned Mussolini for attempting to disband Catholic organizations.
• Wrote antifascist encyclicals, especially Mit Brennender Sorge, which strongly condemned Nazi crimes.
• Viewed communism as a threat to universal peace.

Lateran Treaty

• This treaty settled the long-standing problems between the Church and Italy caused by the confiscation of the Papal States in the nineteenth century.
• Mussolini gave the pope a large sum of money for the Papal States in exchange for the Church’s surrendering all claims to land in Italy.
• The Italian government also recognized Vatican City as a sovereign state and gave the Church privileged status in Italy.

The Church and World War II

• Pope Pius XI died in February 1939.
• Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli was elected to replace him and took the name Pius XII.
• September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland.
• World War II involved more than one hundred million military personnel
• Between fifty and seventy million people died.
• Nations focused all resources toward the war.
  • Examples: food was rationed
• Throughout the war, Pope Pius XII believed peace was necessary and possible.
• He remained impartial.
• Called for the establishment of an international body of arbitration

Pope Pius XII's Contributions During World War II

• Pope Pius XII took a behind the scenes approach to minimize backlash from Nazis.
• Spoke out on Christmas Day 1942 condemning the extermination of people on the basis of race.
• Saved as many as 860,000 Jews by providing them shelter and giving them homes.

Catholic Relief Services (CRS)

• A humanitarian relief organization established in 1943 by the bishops of the United States.
• Originally helped replenish war-torn Europe and house its refugees.
• Today, CRS continues to focus on service to the poor overseas, using the Gospel as its guiding mandate.

Post-War Catholicism

• War was Christian against Christian.
• Pax Christi established:
  • Means Peace of Christ
  • First goal reconcile European Christians
  • Still exists today in fifty countries
• Rise of atheistic communism also concerned the Church
• Cold war had off shoot in America as the arms race
• Failed with fall of Saigon
• Korean War also a conflict between opposing sides in the Cold War
• North Korea remains a communist country today
• Communism appealed to idealists.
• Soviet communism appealed to socialists.
• 1991 the cold war ended
• Nuclear weapons remain important in modern society
• The bishops of the US in favor of START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) between the US and the Russian Federation

Post War Pius XII

• Divino Afflante Spiritu
  • Supported historical and scientific study of the Bible
• On the Mystical Body of Christ or Mystici Corporis Christi
  • Taught the value of each member of the Mystical Body of Christ; universal call to holiness
• Mediator Dei
  • Laid the theological groundwork for liturgical renewal at Second Vatican Council
• Defining the Dogma of the Assumption or Munificentissimus Deus
  • Declared the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary into heaven
• Pius XII died in 1958; Cardinal Angelo Roncalli (Pope St. John XXIII) is elected in his place.

Vocabulary

• Aggiornamento
• Synod of Bishops

Background to Vatican II

• Flourishing in the early to mid-1900s in the Church
• Still the Church faced challenges from the threat of nuclear war, persecution from totalitarian regimes, and growing secularization
• Some could see change on the horizon after World War II, but few could anticipate how great an upheaval in ideas, values, and behavior lay ahead

Pope Saint John XXIII (1958-1963)

• In 1958 Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was elected Pope and took the name John XXIII.
• He called himself Papa de Passagio or the Transitional Pope.
• He was a jolly man who enjoyed people and a good joke. He was also a serious student of history.
• He realized that the Church needed a new approach to the people of the world that she was called to serve.
• Pope Saint John XXIII called Vatican Council II, an Ecumenical Council, to address the role of the Church in the world in light of modern issues

Vatican II Preparation

• John XXIII announced the Council on January 25, 1959, 3 months into his papacy.
• Opening date – October 11, 1962 (Feast of Mary’s Motherhood)
• Bishops, abbots, and periti from around the world were there.
• Periti are theological experts.
• John XXIII watched much of the first session of Vatican II on closed-circuit television instead of being an active part of the sessions.

Vatican II

• Vatican Council II included 2,450 voting delegates from around the world.
• Nonvoting attendees included a broad range of advisers and observers, such as:
  • Protestant church leaders
  • Orthodox church leaders
  • Lay theologians, including women
  • 15 women were invited to be auditors at the council

Sayings of John XXIII

• “Listen to everything, forget much, correct little.”
• “Don’t remain motionless like statues in a museum.”
• “Obedience and peace”
• “Unity in necessary things, freedom in doubtful things, charity in all things.”
• “Give all, but without expectation or hope of recompense.”
• “If God created the shadows, it was in order to better emphasize the light.”

Themes: Ressourcement & Aggiornamento

• Ressourcement
  • “back to the sources”
  • In order to begin developing a theology that would truly meet the challenges of the age, they first had to go backward – back to the sources
  • “If theological progress is sometimes necessary, it is never possible unless you go back to the beginning and start over”
• Aggiornamento: The message of the Church needed to be carried into the new age so it could be communicated in a new way.
• Pastoral
  • Pastor in Latin – shepherd

Pope Paul VI (1963-1978)

• Between the first and second sessions of the Council, Pope Saint John XXIII died.
• Cardinal Giovanni Montini was elected Pope Paul VI.
• Pope Paul VI guided Vatican Council II to its completion and oversaw the early efforts to implement the Council’s changes and reforms, such as changes in the liturgy.

Sessions of Vatican II

• First day was adjourned after realizing the delegation was not representative enough.
• Oct.–Dec. 1962
• Sep.–Dec. 1963
• Sep.–Nov. 1964
• Sep.–Dec. 1965

Goals for the Second Vatican Council

• The Church should engage with the modern world with the goal of Church renewal.
• The Church should lead and encourage efforts for Christian unity

Synod of Bishops

• A periodic meeting of various bishops from around the world with the pope, for the purpose of holding theological discourse and advising the pope on matters related to the faith.

Four Documents of the Council

• Sacrosanctum Concilium (Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy)
  • Renewed the liturgy, including allowing the Mass to be said in the vernacular.
• Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church)
  • We are a people of God.
  • Everyone in the Church is called to holiness.
• Dei Verbum (Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation)
  • Encouraged everyone to read the Bible.
• Gaudium et Spes (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World)
  • Read the signs of the times in light of the Gospel.
  • Stressed the Importance of social justice.

Documents of Vatican II

• Vatican Council II produced three types of official documents:
  • Constitutions—concerned doctrine and dogma; restated teachings in modern language
  • Decrees—concerned renewal of some aspect of Church life; required further action
  • Declarations—provided general instruction on vital topics in the Church and the world, with implementation left up to local bishops
• The constitutions provided the foundation for the decrees and declarations.

The Four Constitutions of Vatican II

• The Council produced four constitutions to restate Church teachings in modern language:
  • Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium)—Reaffirms the liturgy as the source and summit of Christian life and calls for changes to encourage the full and active participation of the faithful.
  • Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium)— Defines the Church as the People of God.

The Four Constitutions of Vatican II

• The Council produced four constitutions to restate Church teachings in modern language:
  • Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Dei Verbum)—Recalls that God has revealed himself to grant us a share in divine life. Encourages all people to study Scripture and affirms the role of the Magisterium in its authentic interpretation.
  • Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes)—Expresses pastoral concern for the joys, hopes, grief, and anguish of the modern world. Reiterates the dignity of the human person and the need for social justice and service.

The Nine Decrees of Vatican II

• The Council also issued nine decrees to promote renewal of some aspect of Church life.
  • Decree on the Mass Media (Inter Mirifica)—Explains that journalism has a responsibility to lead people down the path of good, not evil.
  • Decree on the Catholic Churches of the Eastern Rite (Orientalium Ecclesiarum)—Recognizes the autonomy and liturgical practices of the Eastern Catholic Churches.
  • Decree on Ecumenism (Unitatis Redintegratio)—Catholics are called to engage in ecumenical dialogue, to appreciate Christian values in other faiths, and to renew their own expression of Catholicism

The Nine Decrees of Vatican II (continued)

• Decree Concerning the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church (Christus Dominus)—Describes a bishop’s role in the universal Church, in his local churches, and in cooperation for the common good.
• Decree on the Renewal of Religious Life (Perfectae Caritatis)—Calls religious men and women to base their lives on the Gospel while adapting to serve modern needs.
• Decree on Priestly Training (Optatam Totius)—Encourages priestly vocations and suggests updated seminary structures and ongoing formation programs for priests.

The Nine Decrees of Vatican II (continued)

• Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity (Apostolicam Actuositatem)—Encourages laypeople to renew the world as ambassadors of Christ.
• Decree on the Missionary Activity of the Church (Ad Gentes)—Provides guidance to those engaged in missionary work throughout the world.
• Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests (Presbyterorum Ordinis)—Defines the nature of the priesthood, reaffirms priestly celibacy, and declares priestly sanctity to be essential

Three Declarations of Vatican II

• The Council issued three declarations, or instructions, about important issues in the Church and the world.
  • Declaration on Christian Education (Gravissimum Educationis)—Reaffirms the universal right to an education and describes Catholic schools for all ages.
  • Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions (Nostra Aetate)—Expresses high regard for non-Christian religions, with special attention to Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism.
  • Declaration on Religious Freedom (Dignitatis Humanae)—Asserts that each human person is and must be free to make decisions of conscience.

Effects of Vatican II

• Renewal of Scripture study
  • The Council Fathers encouraged all members of the Church to read and study Scripture.
  • They mandated that the Bible be made more readily available to the laity.
  • The entire Mass was now in the vernacular.
• Emphasis on religious freedom
  • The Council affirmed the rights of each person to believe in God and to worship according to his or her conscience.

Effects of Vatican II

• Emphasis on social justice
  • The Council emphasized that the members of the Church are responsible for concerning themselves with economic and social issues that affect people in every part of the world who are poor and in need.
• Expanded role of the laity in the Church and in the world
  • The Council envisioned an active laity in the Church, from liturgical ministry to catechetical work to lay employees, especially in the areas of education and social justice.
  • Parish life was enhanced by pastoral councils elected by parishioners and formed to advise and assist pastors in their work.
  • Lay Catholics were also urged to work with non-Catholic Christians in ecumenical work.

Effects of Vatican II

• Principle of collegiality between the college of bishops and the Pope
  • All the bishops together with the Pope are united in a single college that has authority over the universal Church.
  • The Pope’s role as head of the college mirrors Peter’s role as head of the Apostles.
  • The college of bishops has authority only when united with its head, the Pope, and it exercises power over the Church at Ecumenical Councils.
  • The Church encourages a collegial spirit among bishops by meeting periodically in synods and in national or regional conferences.

Effects of Vatican II

• Renewal of Eastern Catholic Churches
  • The Council emphasized the equality of rites and the restoration of the heritage of each Eastern Catholic Church.
  • The decree also stressed the special role of Eastern Catholics in promoting the unity of all Christians, especially with the Eastern Orthodox Church.
  • The Council’s efforts resulted in a revitalization, spiritual renewal, and growth of the Easter Catholic Churches.

Pope Paul VI

• Pope Paul VI is also remembered for tackling three major and pervasive problems in the world and in the Church:
  • He urged developed countries to provide aid to countries struggling with poverty.
  • He affirmed the reasons for priestly celibacy.
  • He affirmed that every conjugal act must be open to new life and explained why abortion and contraception are illicit.

Important Encyclicals of Paul VI

• Populorum Progressio/On the Progression of Peoples - 1967
  • Urged developed countries to provide aid to countries struggling with poverty
• Sacerdotalis Caelibatus/On Priestly Celibacy – 1967
  • Reaffirmed reasons for priestly celibacy
• Humanae Vitae/On Human Life– 1968
  • Affirmed that every conjugal act must be open to new life
  • Both abortion and any act deliberately rendering procreation impossible (i.e. contraception and sterilization) are illicit

Humanae Vitae (On the Regulation of Birth )

• In 1968, Pope Paul VI issued Humanae Vitae in response to an increasingly sexually permissive society and culture.
• The encyclical reiterated God’s plan for human marriage and transmission of new life.

Achievements of Pope Paul VI

• Advocate for:
  • Greater efforts at social justice
  • Seeking peace in the midst of international tensions
  • Ecumenism
  • Modernizing church architecture
  • Involving the laity in the liturgy
  • The universal call to holiness

Church Initiatives Performing

• Acts of social justice.
• Maintaining religious freedom despite communism and other totalitarian threats.
• Encouraging scriptural study among the clergy, the religious, and the laity.
• Fostering greater ecumenism among Christian communities and interreligious dialogue with those of other faiths.
• Enhancing catechesis, or instruction in matters related to the faith.

Changes in the Mass

• Then:
  • Gothic churches with cruciform layout
  • Priests and servers came out from sacristy
  • Introit sung in Latin
  • Altar boys responded in Latin the whole mass
  • Assembly received Eucharist behind altar rail.
• Now:
  • Churches “in the round;” tabernacle may be in a side altar.
  • Entrance procession
  • Introit in vernacular
  • Everyone responds in the vernacular
  • Assembly stand to receive the Eucharist which is distributed by the priest or a Eucharistic minister

On Scripture (SC, 24)

• Sacred scripture is of the greatest importance in the celebration of the liturgy. For it is from it that lessons are read and explained in the homily, and psalms are sung. It is from the scriptures that the prayers, collects, and hymns draw their inspiration and their force, and that actions and signs derive their meaning. Hence in order to achieve the restoration, progress, and adaptation of the sacred liturgy it is essential to promote that sweet and living love for sacred scripture to which the venerable tradition of Eastern and Western rites gives testimony
• Since the use of the mother tongue, whether in the Mass, the administration of the sacraments, or other parts of the liturgy, frequently may be of great advantage to the people, the limits of its employment may be extended
• The Church acknowledges Gregorian chant as specially suited to the Roman liturgy: therefore, other things being equal, it should be given pride of place in liturgical services

Church as a Sacrament

• Vatican II reminded us of the biblical roots of the word "sacrament," namely, the wonderful, mysterious plan of God to save us through Christ Jesus.
• Sacraments are the visible, tangible manifestations of God's plan of salvation.
• They reveal what God is about and who God is. The fullness of this revelation is found in Jesus of Nazareth.
• We speak of Jesus as the "original" or "primal" sacrament; in him the invisible God became visible.

The Sacraments: A Closer Look

• The Eucharist is the first sacrament, the source and summit of Christian life.
• We are never more Church than when we are celebrating the Eucharist.
• Vatican II clarifies that Baptism, Confirmation and Eucharist are the 3 sacraments of initiation

The Sacraments: A Closer Look

• The Sacrament of Reconciliation (Confession/Penance) has undergone more changes over time than any other sacrament.
• We have also moved to calling the sacrament "Reconciliation" rather than Confession or Penance as we did in the past. This word change reflects a change in focus—from what we do (confess our sins, do a penance) to what God does (reconcile us).
• Before the Council, the sacrament of anointing was known as Extreme Unction, the anointing (unction) for persons at the point of death ( in extremis).
• We now speak of The Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick, indicating that this sacrament is intended for all who are seriously ill.

The Sacraments: A Closer Look

• The Council had important things to say about each of these:
  • The Holy Orders ends in "s" because it names three sacramental orders: the Order of the Episcopate (bishops), the Order of Presbyters (priests), and the Order of Deaconate (deacons).
  • The Council brought about two major changes in our understanding of the Sacrament of Marriage. First, the Council speaks of marriage as a "covenant." Second, the Council taught that the purpose of marriage is not only to produce children but also to enable the couple to support one another in mutual love.

Extraordinary synod of 1985

• “…a grace of God and a gift of the Holy Spirit, from which have come forth many spiritual fruits for the universal Church and the particular Churches, as well as for the men [and women] of our time.”
• “…a legitimate and valid expression and interpretation of the deposit of faith as it is found in sacred Scripture and in the living tradition of the Church”
• The Final Report

John Paul II Connection

• Pope Saint John Paul II beatified both Pope Saint Pius IX and Pope Saint John XXIII on the same day.
• In doing this, John Paul II confirmed the connection between Vatican I and Vatican II.
• John XXIII’s feast day is October 11 which is the opening date of Vatican II.

Close of Vatican II

• December 8, 1965
• Feast of the Immaculate Conception
• Under Pope Paul VI or the Pope of Social Justice
• Vatican II deemed a success even though no doctrine comes out of it

Three Heroes You Need to Know

• Edith Stein
  • Born youngest of 11 children to a devout Jewish family
  • Remarkable, brilliant, successful woman in a male dominated world
  • Converted to Catholicism and, as seeing anti-Semitism spread and intensify in Germany & Holland wished to offer her life for world peace and preservation of her Jewish people
  • Accepted position in military hospital to care for soldiers suffering from infectious diseases; received Medal of Valor in recognition of her selfless service
  • Contributed through philosophical writings, translations, speaking engagements, and more
  • While imprisoned, she comforted and consoled other women, cared for little ones, and made sure they were fed
  • “Our neighbor's spiritual need transcends every commandment. Everything else we do is a means to an end. But love is an end already, since God is love."
• Maximilian Kolbe
  • Arrested & sent to prison when monastery published anti-Nazi publications AND assisted in hiding Jewish people
  • Continued to work as a priest & minster to fellow inmates; shared his meager rations with others
  • Volunteered to starve to death in place of a stranger selected to be killed in retaliation for escaped prisoner
  • In the starvation bunker, Kolbe led the other men in prayer & singing hymns to Mary
  • Never asking for anything & not complaining, rather he encouraged the others
  • "For Jesus Christ, I am prepared to suffer still more."
• Franz Jaggerstatter
  • Executed for refusing to fight for Nazi Germany.
  • Became a devout Catholic after his marriage & pilgrimage to Rome where they received a blessing from Pope Pius XI
  • While not involved in any political organization, as a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis, he was deferred four times from military service
  • Finally called to active duty, he maintained his position against fighting for the Nazis and declared his conscientious objection. He offered to serve as a medic but was denied
  • Refusing to take the Hitler oath, he was executed by guillotine at age 36
  • “I am convinced that it is still best that I speak the truth even though it costs me my life…We need no rifles or pistols for our battle but instead spiritual weapons, and the foremost of these is prayer.”

Other Catholic Heroes of the Holocaust

• Julian Nowowiejski – refused to step on a crucifix
• Ewa Noisewka and Marta Qolowska – hiding Jewish children
• Maria Anna Biernacka – chose to be executed to save her unborn grand child
• Josef Pawloski – hung for helping Jews
• Zygmunt Pisarski – shot for risking life to save others from death
• Jozef Kowalski & Maria Antonina Kratochiwil – helped Jewish people in prison
• Martyrs of Poznan and Salesians – beheaded at Dresden for their resistance activities
• 80 Polish Jesuits
• Maria Klemensa Staszewska – hid Jewish girls in convent
• Teresa Bracco, Titus Brandsa, Marcel Calo, Josef Cebula, Stefan Frelichhowski, Jakob Gapp, Nikolaus Gross, Jozef Jankowski, Hilary Januszewski, Helene Kafka, Alice Kotowoska, Michael Kozal, Karl Keisner, Bernhard Lichtenberg, Alphonsus Mary Mazurke, Otto Newururer, Anastazy Jakub Painkiewicz, Julia Rodzinka