United States History
Unit 3
Unit 1
Civil War
Identify the key causes of the Civil War.
Slavery
Sectionalism
States' rights
Causes of the Civil War
Economy
The southern economy depended heavily on cotton and, consequently, on slave labor.
States' Rights vs. Federal Rights
Southern states sought the ability to nullify federal laws.
Election of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln won the North while his opponent won the South, leading to divisions in the country.
Identify the key causes of the Civil War:
Slavery
Sectionalism
States' rights
1864 Nevada admitted to the Union.
The Union and the Confederacy
United States of America
Free state vs. Slave state
Political boundaries of 1861
Eleven slave states seceded to form the Confederate States of America.
Four slave states remained in the Union, which helped save Washington, D.C. from isolation.
Identify the advantages of the Union during the Civil War.
Most of the nation’s railroad lines located in the North
Most factories located in the North
Balanced economy between industry and agriculture
Financial resources (money)
Existing government and military structure
Two-thirds of the nation’s population lived in the North
Union vs. Confederacy
Advantages of the Union:
Railroads
Industry
Balanced economy
Money
Existing government and military
Dominant population
Identify the advantages of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Most of the nation’s best-trained officers were from the South
Cotton wealth for military supplies
Only needed to avoid defeat, not win; fighting on familiar territory
Fight to preserve their way of life and self-government
Union vs. Confederacy
Advantages of the Confederacy:
Best-trained officers
Cotton wealth
Defensive war strategy
Familiar territory
Cultural motivation to preserve their way of life
Union and Confederate Resources
Union had better resources to sustain conflict compared to the Confederacy, which had more experienced troops.
Explain the Union military strategy during the Civil War.
Anaconda Plan:
Blockade of South's ports to prevent trade
Gain control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy
Seize the capital of Richmond
Military Strategy of the Civil War
Union:
Anaconda Plan: Blockade, control Mississippi, capture Richmond
Explain the Confederate military strategy during the Civil War.
Defensive War
Hope that the North would tire of conflict and allow them to go in peace
Any abandonment of this strategy harmed the Confederate chances of success
Military Strategy of the Civil War
Confederacy:
Defensive tactics, waiting for Northern exhaustion
Pop Quiz Time!!!
How did General Winfield Scott's "Anaconda Plan" propose to defeat the Confederacy?
c. Using superior federal resources to isolate and economically cripple the South
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
Issued by President Lincoln to free slaves in Confederate-held territory (January 1, 1863)
Did not apply to border states or places under Union control
Did not end slavery in the U.S.
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed slaves in Confederate territory but not in the Union
Explain the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Civil War.
Provided moral purpose (i.e., ending slavery)
Prevented European aid to the Confederacy due to moral stance against slavery
Inspired African Americans to support the Union war effort
Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation
Gave moral purpose
Ensured European neutrality
Inspired African American involvement in the Union
Pop Quiz Time!!!
What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the Civil War?
b. Changed the war's focus to ending slavery
Explain the role of African Americans in the war effort during the Civil War.
After Emancipation Proclamation, nearly 180,000 African Americans joined the Union Army (10% of total)
Mainly served in support roles (cooking, logistics)
Faced poor supplies, served in segregated units, paid less than white soldiers
Role of African Americans in the War Effort
Segregated units
Poor training, equipment, and pay
Non-combat roles predominated
Explain the concept of total war.
Military approach not only targeting enemy troops but also civilian infrastructure and economic resources that support them
Employed by Union generals to weaken enemy resolve and capabilities
Concept of Total War
Strategy targeting not just military targets but economic resources crucial to the enemy's war effort
Explain the significance of the Attack on Fort Sumter.
Confederate forces fired at Fort Sumter in 1861, provoking the Civil War
Southern states had seized federal forts, believed to be under protection
Significant Events of the Civil War
Attack on Fort Sumter
Battle of Bull Run
Battle of Vicksburg
Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address
Attack on Fort Wagner
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Explain the significance of the Battle of Bull Run.
First major battle of the Civil War
Initial Union success fell to a Confederate victory
Sparked awareness that the war would be lengthy and complex
Significant Events of the Civil War
(Repeated list)
Explain the significance of the Battle of Vicksburg.
Key victory for Gen. Grant, giving Union control over Mississippi River and splitting Confederacy (July 1863)
Fulfilled objective of the Anaconda Plan
Significant Events of the Civil War
(Repeated list)
Explain the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Major battle lasting three days in Pennsylvania, leading to high casualties
Strategic Union victory; turning point preventing further Confederate invasions of the North
Significant Events of the Civil War
(Repeated list)
What was the Gettysburg Address?
Lincoln's speech reaffirming the war's purpose: preserving the Union and ensuring freedom, equality, and self-government
Provided a vision for a renewed nation
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Lincoln’s dedication speech for the Soldiers' National Cemetery
Emphasized liberty, equality, and government of the people
Significant Events of the Civil War
(Repeated list)
Explain the significance of the Attack on Fort Wagner.
Union attack led by the 54th Massachusetts Regiment
Although a defeat, highlighted the courage of African American troops and challenged stereotypes about their capabilities
Significant Events of the Civil War
(Repeated list)
Explain the significance of Sherman’s March to the Sea.
In 1864, Sherman’s troops destroyed everything from Atlanta to Savannah
Aimed at demoralizing Southern populace and breaking Confederate spirit
Continued into the Carolinas post-conflict
Significant Events of the Civil War
(Repeated list)
Pop Quiz Time!!!
What factor ultimately gave the Union the advantage needed to defeat the Confederacy?
c. Larger population and production capabilities
What was the lasting impact of the Civil War?
Helped cement federal authority; individual states could not secede
Sectional differences remained but threats of secession unlikely post-war
Explain the lasting impact of the Civil War.
Established federal government supremacy over states
Pop Quiz Time!!!
What impact did the outcome of the Civil War have on states' rights?
c. Ended the idea of constitutional secession
Section 2
Reconstruction
What was the purpose of Reconstruction?
To restore southern states to the Union post-war (1865-1877)
Goal: Southern acceptance of war outcomes and liberation of slaves
Not aimed at rebuilding the South; that was viewed as a local responsibility
Explain the goal of Reconstruction.
Full political reestablishment of Southern states in the Union
Pop Quiz Time!!!
Main goal of Reconstruction was to re-establish Southern participation in the Union
What were Black Codes?
Laws restricting African American rights post-Civil War
Replaced former slave codes
Examples include curfews, vagrancy laws, and land restrictions
Led to Congressional punishment of the South
What were Black Codes?
Laws limiting African American freedoms post-Civil War
What was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?
Founded by ex-Confederates to eliminate the Republican Party in the South
Used intimidation against both white and black Republican voters
Long-term goal to maintain African American submissiveness
Explain the intent behind the creation of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).
Eliminate the Republican Party and keep African Americans in a submissive societal role
What was the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871?
Legislation aimed to end extralegal violence and protect African American rights
Authorized presidential intervention against states denying civil rights
What was the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871?
Legislation designed to reduce violence against African Americans and protect their civil rights
What was the Freedman’s Bureau?
Established in 1865 to provide relief for displaced individuals (both black and white) post-Civil War
Services included food, clothing, healthcare, and education
Important for African American educational opportunities
What was the Freedman's Bureau?
Agency to assist individuals displaced by the Civil War
Notable lasting achievement:
Education for African Americans
Reconstruction Amendments
What was the 13th Amendment?
Ended slavery in the United States
Section 1: slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist, except as punishment for crime
Section 2: Congress can enforce this
Reconstruction Amendments
13th Amendment: Ended slavery
14th Amendment & 15th Amendment:
Reconstruction Amendments
What was the 14th Amendment?
Guaranteed