Fundamental characteristics of cities

The "Seven Properties" of the City, as identified by Bunting and Filion, are as follows:

1. Proximity: The physical closeness and social interaction among people, organizations, and institutions in urban areas.

2. Capitalization: The way in which capital, both financial and cultural, is concentrated and invested in urban areas.

3. Production: The economic activities that take place in urban areas, including the production of goods and services, as well as the creation and exchange of knowledge and ideas.

4. Reproduction: The ways in which urban areas provide for the basic needs of their inhabitants, including housing, food, water, and energy.

5. Governance: The systems of power and decision-making that govern urban areas, including formal institutions such as local government, as well as informal mechanisms of social control.

6. Place: The physical and social characteristics of urban areas, including their architecture, public spaces, cultural amenities, and historical legacies.

7. Environment: The natural and built environment of urban areas, including the ecosystems, climate, and infrastructure that support urban life.