Unit 4 Vocab

Unrestricted submarine warfare- a naval strategy where submarines attack merchant ships without warning, rather than adhering to traditional prize rules

Zimmerman Telegram- a secret diplomatic communication sent by German Foreign Secretary to the German ambassador in Mexico in January 1917. The message proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany

great migration- massive movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North and West

espionage act- federal law passed on June 15, 1917, during World War I, aimed at preventing interference with U.S. military operations, especially recruitment and the draft

fourteen points- a set of principles for peace outlined by President Woodrow Wilson on January 8, 1918, during World War I. They aimed to prevent future conflicts and promote international cooperation

red scare- occurred in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the establishment of a communist government in Russia

league of nations- an international organization founded in 1920 after World War I, based on Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. It aimed to prevent future wars through diplomacy, collective security, and dispute resolution. The League was established by the Treaty of Versailles

18 amendment- ratified on January 16, 1919, prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States

19 amendment- ratified on August 18, 1920, granted women the right to vote

mass production- the efficient manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, often using assembly line techniques and division of labor.

Harlem renaissance- a cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that occurred during the 1920s, centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. It was a period of profound Black cultural expression, where African American writers, musicians, artists, and intellectuals gained prominence and reshaped the narrative of Black identity in America.

stock market speculation- the practice of buying and selling stocks with the hope of making quick profits based on market fluctuations, often driven by emotions, rumors, or trends rather than the actual value of a company

dust bowl- severe environmental disaster during the 1930s in the Great Plains region of the U.S., caused by a combination of drought, over-farming, and high winds. It led to massive dust storms, agricultural collapse, and the displacement of thousands of families

hoovervilles- makeshift shantytowns that sprung up across the United States during the Great Depression in the 1930s, named derisively after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the economic crisis

social security act- law passed in 1935 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of the New Deal. Its primary goal was to provide financial assistance to those who were most vulnerable during the Great Depression, including the elderly, unemployed, and disabled

lend-lease act- law passed in March 1941, just before the U.S. entered World War II, that allowed the United States to provide military aid and supplies to Allied nations without direct payment

Battle of Midway- pivotal naval battle that took place between June 4 and June 7, 1942, during World War II. It was fought between the United States and Japan near the Midway Atoll, a strategic island located in the Pacific Ocean

manhattan project- top-secret U.S. research and development project during World War II, aimed at building the first atomic bomb

d-day- the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, during World War II. It marked the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi occupation and is considered one of the most significant military operations in history

fall of berlin- marking the end of Nazi Germany and the final major battle of World War II in Europe

rationing- war effort and ensure that enough resources were available for the military

wartime conversion- the process of shifting civilian industries to support the military needs during World War II

integration of defense industries- the efforts made by the United States (and other Allied nations) to ensure that the defense sector was efficient, collaborative, and equitable, with an emphasis on maximizing production capabilities for the war effort

Japanese-American internment- the forced relocation and incarceration of around 120,000 Japanese-Americans and Japanese immigrants (Issei) in concentration camps during World War II by the U.S. government