Dukkha - life is suffering because of your wants
Samudaya - understand that wanting stuff and knowledge that you suffer from wants
Nirodha - stop the dukkha - reach nirvana
Magga - path and eightfold path

Reincarnation

Right understanding
Right thought
Right Speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness
Right concentration

	Judaism	Christianity	Islam	Hinduism	Buddhism
Major Writings	Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) (Tenakh)	Bible (Old Testament and New Testament)	Quran	The Vedas	Tripitaka
Important People	- Abraham - Moses - David	- Jesus - Paul - Peter	Muhammad	3 most important gods: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva	- Siddhartha Guatama - Buddha(s) - Dalai Lama
Miscellaneous	Israelites one of most persecuted groups in history	Started as enemy of Rome then was embraced	5 Pillars of Islam	Reincarnation supports caste system	- More of a “way of life” - 4 Noble Truths

ROME

Romulus and Remus

They are twin brothers who grew up in the wild to become farmers and created Rome They were the children of Rhea Silvia and Mars (or in some variations the demi-god hero Hercules)

Virgil who claims their birth and adventures was fated for Rome to be founded.

Romulus and Remus were the direct descendants of Aeneas, whose fate-driven adventures to discover Italy are described by Virgil in The Aeneid

Myths

Some myths claim that Mars appeared and lay with Rhea Silvia; other myths attest that the demi-god hero Hercules was her partner. However, the author Livy claims that Rhea Silvia was in fact raped by an unknown man.

Death sentence

It was custom that any Vestal Virgin betraying her vows of celibacy was condemned to death; the most common death sentence was to be buried alive.

Rome info

After Amulius' death, the brothers rejected the citizens' offer of the crown of Alba Longa and instead reinstated Numitor as king.

To settle their disagreement, they agreed to consult augury; augury is a type of prophecy in which birds are examined and observed to determine what actions or persons the gods favor.

In response to Romulus' construction, Remus made continuous fun of the wall and his brother's city

here are several versions as to how Remus was killed on the day Rome was founded. In Livy's version

Most sources convey that Romulus killed Remus. Livy dates Remus' death and founding of Rome to April 21st, 753 BCE.

Golden Age

Architecture:

Greek styles:

-Defined by balance

-Characterized by columns and straight lines

Later Rome additions:

-Domes

-Arches

columns

Doric: A lot of government buildings use

Ionix: used for senators and houses

Corinthian: for the rich people made out of marble

Sculpture

-Early sculpture-people in rigid poses

-Later - becomes more fluid

Characteristics

-realistic - life-like depictions

-Idealistic form - showed people or gods in perfect form

Romans copied Greek styles

Other forms of art

Pottery-Greece:

-Surviving examples of painting

-Depit daily life and mythology

-Often decorated in black and orange

Mosaics-Rome:

-Often decorated homes or public spaces

-Secular or religious

Drama

-The most important Greek contribution to the literature

-Performed in outdoor theaters where actors were elaborate costumes and masks

-Often based on myths and legend-discussed moral and social issues

Two types of drama

tragedy

-told of human suffering

-Often ends in disaster- most of main characters die

-Writers include Sophocles and Euripides (oedipus rex)

Comedy

Greek democracy is direct democracy

Roman republic indirect democracy

The Republic

Republic

Patricians - group of aristocratic familird (senate 300)
Plebeians everyone else
Gaius julius caesar (104-44 BCE)

Roman general takes the leading position in the rise and fall of the Roman Republic.

Republic - is a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote.

Rome - excelled in law and government and infrastructure ( the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities ( e.g., buildings roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise)

Rome as a republic underwent a period of territorial expansion and political expansion and political consolidation at both home and abroad (political consolidation at home does not last)

A small group of wealthy patricians dominated the republic. Plebians (low social class struggle for rights and power)

46 BCE: Julius Caesar's dictatorship began to turn the republic around with infrastructure improvements and tax relief, and all people became better supported and governed

Rome going to have a battle with Carthage. To determine who is going to control the Mediterranean. They are in the Punic Wars Rome defeated Carthage and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. If you joined the Roman army for a certain amount of time you get citizenship.

Fall of the Republic

The more land that is conquered comes more problems (the further you are from Rome the harder it is to control.)

the gap between the rich and the poor grew bigger

- generals became more powerful than the senate

- power struggles led to many civil wars

He made improvements for Rome making life better for the citizens.

The rise and fall of rome

Julius Caesar was assassinated and stabbed on the Senate floor. The assassination led to another civil war led by Caesar’s adopted nephew Octavion and his best general, marc antony.

Caesar's death changed Rome: people no longer trusted the senate to rule Rome and the Roman Republic ended and the empire began. During the rise of the Roman Empire Octavian emerged as the unchallenged leader of Rome and was given the title Augustus and became Rome's first emperor. Under Augustus, Rome was ruled as an empire; the senate still met but the emperor had all the real power. The Pax Romana Augustus' 41-year reign began a 207-year era of peace, wealth, and expansion known as the Pax Romana from 27 b.c to 180 A.D. During the Pax Romana, the empire expanded to its height and brought great wealth to Rome. emperors built arenas and used chariot races, gladiator events, and theater to entertain the poor.

War of Actium

Octavian defeated Mark Antony's forces, which were poorly equipped, sick, and hungry. Antony and Cleopatra's soldiers were starved out by a successful blockade engineered by Octavian and his friend and chief commander Agrippa, and the unhappy couple killed themselves the next year in exile. Octavian was 33

The fall of rome

Traditional View of Rome's Fall

The video introduces the traditional view that the fall of Rome occurred in 476 CE when Romulus Augustus was deposed. However, the speaker suggests this is oversimplified, as debates exist regarding the true decline of Rome.

Integration Challenges

The discussion addresses the governance problems as Rome expanded beyond Italy, proposing that ruling with an iron fist was impossible due to Roman ideals of justice. Instead, attempts to incorporate conquered peoples into the empire led to internal conflicts.

Decline of Roman Legions

The video explains that the decline of the Roman legions began with the integration of Germanic warriors into the military. This shift eroded loyalty to Rome, leading to civil wars and instability.

Shift to Eastern Empire

Constantine's decision to move the capital to Byzantium (Constantinople) marked a significant shift, enabling the Eastern Roman Empire to thrive while the Western half declined. This move also helped reorient Christianity politically.

Justinian and Byzantine Law

Justinian I is highlighted as a key figure for codifying Roman law through the Digest and Institutes, helping establish Byzantine law that would influence European legal systems. He was also known for ambitious building projects such as the Hagia Sophia.

Religious Distinction and Power Dynamics

Differences in religious practices and governance arose between the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox patriarchs, with the former leading to tension over power. In contrast, the patriarch in Byzantium was appointed by the emperor, establishing clear control.

Lasting Legacy of Rome

The video concludes by arguing that the idea of the Roman Empire persists today, visible in cultural conflicts, legal frameworks, and the ongoing narratives of East vs. West.

Julius Caeser was a good emperor

Augustus was a good emperor

Caligula was a bad emperor

Claudius was a good emperor

Tiberius was a good emperor

Nero was a bad emperor

Galba et al were a bad emperor

Vespasian was a good emperor

Titus and Domitian were good emperors

Nerva and Trajan were good emperors

Roman Empire

Athens had a similar form of the Roman Republic