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Nervous System Part 1
Flashcard 1
Q: What are the primary functions of the nervous system?
A: Sensory input (detects changes), integration (processes information), and motor output (activates responses).
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Flashcard 2
Q: What are neurons?
A: Specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses to communicate with other cells.
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Flashcard 3
Q: What is the function of neuroglia?
A: To support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
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Flashcard 4
Q: What role do neurotransmitters play in neural communication?
A: They transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another or to other target cells.
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Flashcard 5
Q: How is the nervous system organized?
A: Into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
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Flashcard 6
Q: What does the CNS consist of?
A: The brain and spinal cord.
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Flashcard 7
Q: What is the PNS, and what is its function?
A: The Peripheral Nervous System, which connects the CNS to the rest of the body, facilitating communication.
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Flashcard 8
Q: Describe the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS.
A: It carries signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
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Flashcard 9
Q: Describe the motor (efferent) division of the PNS.
A: It transmits signals from the CNS to muscles and glands.
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Flashcard 10
Q: What are the two subdivisions of the motor division?
A: Somatic Nervous System (voluntary control) and Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary control).
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Flashcard 11
Q: What does the somatic nervous system control?
A: Voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
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Flashcard 12
Q: What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
A: Controls involuntary actions of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands.
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Flashcard 13
Q: Name the types of neuroglia found in the CNS.
A: Microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells.
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Flashcard 14
Q: What are the types of neuroglia in the PNS?
A: Schwann cells and satellite cells.
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Flashcard 15
Q: What is the role of microglia?
A: Act as phagocytes, cleaning up cellular debris and pathogens in the CNS.
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Flashcard 16
Q: What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
A: Form the myelin sheath around CNS axons.
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Flashcard 17
Q: What do astrocytes do in the CNS?
A: Provide structural support, regulate nutrients, and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
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Flashcard 18
Q: What is the function of ependymal cells?
A: They produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS.
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Flashcard 19
Q: How do Schwann cells function in the PNS?
A: They produce myelin sheaths around peripheral nerves, aiding in impulse conduction.
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Flashcard 20
Q: Describe the structure of a neuron.
A: Consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
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Flashcard 21
Q: What is the purpose of dendrites?
A: They receive signals and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
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Flashcard 22
Q: What is the function of the axon?
A: Conducts impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons or effectors.
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Flashcard 23
Q: What is a myelin sheath?
A: An insulating layer that surrounds axons, speeding up impulse transmission.
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Flashcard 24
Q: What are nodes of Ranvier?
A: Gaps in the myelin sheath where ion exchange occurs, aiding rapid signal conduction.
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Flashcard 25
Q: Define resting membrane potential.
A: The stable, negative charge of a neuron at rest, typically around -70 mV.
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Flashcard 26
Q: What creates the resting membrane potential?
A: The unequal distribution of ions, with more sodium ions outside and more potassium ions inside the cell.
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Flashcard 27
Q: What is depolarization in a neuron?
A: The process by which the inside of a neuron becomes less negative, initiating an action potential.
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Flashcard 28
Q: Define action potential.
A: A rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along the neuron.
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Flashcard 29
Q: What is the "all-or-none" principle?
A: An action potential either fully occurs if the threshold is met, or it does not occur at all.
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Flashcard 30
Q: Explain repolarization.
A: The process of returning the neuron to its resting membrane potential after an action potential.
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Flashcard 31
Q: What is hyperpolarization?
A: When the membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential after repolarization.
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Flashcard 32
Q: Describe continuous conduction.
A: Sequential transmission of impulses along unmyelinated axons.
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Flashcard 33
Q: What is saltatory conduction?
A: Impulse transmission in myelinated axons where impulses "jump" from one node of Ranvier to another.
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Flashcard 34
Q: What is the role of a synapse?
A: A junction where a neuron communicates with another neuron or cell.
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Flashcard 35
Q: What are excitatory neurotransmitters?
A: Chemicals that increase the likelihood of an action potential by making the postsynaptic neuron less negative.
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Flashcard 36
Q: What are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
A: Chemicals that decrease the likelihood of an action potential by making the postsynaptic neuron more negative.
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Flashcard 37
Q: What is the primary function of acetylcholine?
A: Controls skeletal muscle actions and can stimulate or inhibit autonomic responses depending on receptor types.
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Flashcard 38
Q: What role does norepinephrine play in the nervous system?
A: Associated with creating a feeling of well-being and may excite or inhibit autonomic nervous system responses.
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Flashcard 39
Q: What is the role of dopamine?
A: Produces a sense of pleasure; low levels are linked to Parkinson's disease.
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Flashcard 40
Q: Describe the function of serotonin.
A: Primarily inhibitory and associated with sleep; its activity is enhanced by SSRIs.
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Flashcard 41
Q: What is nitric oxide's role in the nervous system?
A: Acts as a vasodilator in the PNS and may play a role in memory in the CNS.
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Flashcard 42
Q: Define a reflex arc.
A: The pathway followed by nerve impulses in a reflex, typically involving a receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.
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Flashcard 43
Q: What is the function of the patellar reflex?
A: Helps maintain posture by triggering the knee-jerk response upon stretching of the quadriceps tendon.
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Flashcard 44
Q: Describe the withdrawal reflex.
A: An involuntary response to pain that pulls the body part away from harmful stimuli, involving sensory, motor, and interneurons.
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Flashcard 45
Q: Explain neurotransmitter reuptake.
A: The process of neurotransmitters being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron for reuse, stopping their action on the postsynaptic cell.
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Flashcard 46
Q: What is a neuronal pool?
A: A group of neurons that process information and may either inhibit or excite responses in the CNS.
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Flashcard 47
Q: What is facilitation in neuronal pools?
A: A condition where a neuron becomes more responsive to stimulation after repeated excitatory input.
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Flashcard 48
Q: What is convergence in the nervous system?
A: Multiple presynaptic neurons connect to a single postsynaptic neuron, allowing it to integrate information.
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Flashcard 49
Q: Define divergence in the nervous system.
A: A single neuron branches out to communicate with multiple neurons, amplifying the signal.
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Flashcard 50
Q: What are mixed nerves?
A: Nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers, most common in the PNS.
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Flashcard 51
Q: What are sensory (afferent) nerves?
A: Nerves that carry impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.
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Flashcard 52
Q: What are motor (efferent) nerves?
A: Nerves that carry impulses from the CNS to effectors like muscles or glands.
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Flashcard 53
Q: Describe the structure of a nerve's connective tissue coverings.
A: Epineurium surrounds the entire nerve, perineurium surrounds nerve fascicles, and endoneurium surrounds individual nerve fibers.
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Flashcard 54
Q: What is the role of the blood-brain barrier?
A: A selective barrier maintained by astrocytes to protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood.
NoteStudied by 9 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 9 peopleNoteStudied by 179 peopleNoteStudied by 37 peopleNoteStudied by 7 people